CPCE Flashcards
topics review
Simon Freud’s stages are psychosexual while Erikson’s stages are
Psychosocial
What are Freud’s 5 psychosexual stages?
Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency and Genital
What is the Oral phase in Freud’s psychosexual stages?
The earliest phase in a child’s psychosexual development, during which time the mouth and lips take on an erotic charge (roughly 0-2 years of age). Activities such as sucking, biting, and chewing are crucial as they provide the infant with a sense of comfort and satisfaction.
What is the Anal phase in Freud’s psychosexual stages?
During this stage, the child’s libido (sexual energy) is focused on the anus, and the primary source of pleasure comes from controlling and releasing bowel movements (18 mo - 3 yrs)
Ex) potty training.
What is the phallic phase in Freud’s psychosexual stages?
During this stage, the child’s libido (sexual energy) is focused on the genitals, and they begin to identify with their same-sex parent
( ages 3-6)
What is the genital phase in Freud’s psychosexual stages?
During this stage, the individual’s sexual interests mature, and the focus of libido (sexual energy) is on the genitals.
puberty - adulthood
What is the latency phase in Freud’s psychosexual stages?
During this stage, sexual impulses are repressed, and the focus shifts away from individual sexual development.
ages 6 - puberty
what is electra complex?
It describes a girl’s psychosexual competition with her mother for the affection of her father
what is oedipus complex?
In this stage, a young boy develops unconscious sexual desires for his mother and views his father as a rival for her affection.
The oedipus complex occurs in which phase?
phallic (ages 3-6)
psychometrics refer to
mental testing or measure
The electra complex occurs in which phase?
phallic (ages 3-6)
The only psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory which encompasses the entire life span …
Erik Erikson
psychodiagnostics refer to
the study of personality through interpretation of behaviors or nonverbal cues
What are Erikson’s 8 stages of development?
1.Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy)
2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Toddler years)
3. Initiative vs. Guilt (Preschool years)
4. Industry vs. Inferiority (Middle school years)
5. Identity vs. Identity Confusion (Adolescence)
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young adulthood)
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle adulthood)
8. Integrity vs. Despair (Late adulthood)
Erik Erikson’s is an ego psychologist, ego psychologist emphasizes?
believe in man’s power of reasoning to control behavior.
The statement the “ ego is dependent on the id” would most likely reflect work of
Sigmund Freud
Dualism is the idea of
black & white thinking or either or thinking referring to dualistic thinking
Robert perry is known for
his ideas related to adult cognitive development especially with college students.
what is dualistic thinking?
a way of understanding the world by categorizing it into two opposing and mutually exclusive parts. ex) good vs evil.
what age group is dualistic thinking common in?
Teens
what is relativistic thinking?
the idea that morality or truth is relative, means that what is moral or what is true depends on something else, such as culture, situation, or some other ‘frame of reference.’ (biased thinking)
what is Robert Kegan’s theory?
the Constructive Developmental Theory, focuses on interpersonal development showing how individuals make sense of their experiences and how this evolves over time known as “ meaning making”
what is the impulsive stage according to Robert Kegan?
this stage is typically seen in early childhood, where actions are driven by impulses and immediate needs.
what is the imperial stage according to Robert Kegan?
In this stage, individuals are self-centered and their sense of self is defined by their own needs and desires. This stage is often seen in adolescence.
what are Robert Kegan’s 5 stages of the Constructive Developmental Theory?
- Impulsive stage
- Imperial Stage
- Interpersonal Stage
- Institutional Stage
- Interindividual Stage
what is the interindividual stage according to Robert Kegan?
In this final stage, individuals recognize the complexity of different perspectives and are able to integrate them into their own understanding. They are more open to change and continuous growth.
According to Jean Piaget, what happens in the Preoperational Stage (2 to 7 years)?
children begin to use language and think symbolically, but their thinking is still intuitive and egocentric. They struggle with understanding the viewpoints of others.
Goal) Symbolic thought
What are the 4 stages to Jean Piaget’s idiographic approach?
1) sensorimotor
2) preoperations
3) concrete operations
4) formal operations
what is the institutional stage according to Robert Kegan?
At this stage, individuals develop their own set of values and beliefs, which guide their actions and decisions. They become more self-directed and autonomous. This stage is typically reached in adulthood.
what is the interpersonal stage according to Robert Kegan?
individuals start to understand and value the perspectives of others. Their sense of self is influenced by relationships and social expectations. This stage usually begins in late adolescence or early adulthood.
According to Jean Piaget, what happens in the Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 11 years)?
children start to think logically about concrete events. They gain a better understanding of the concept of conservation.
Goal) Logical thought
According to Jean Piaget, what happens in the Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to 2 years)?
in this stage, infants learn about the world through their senses and actions.
Goal) Object permanence
According to Jean Piaget, what happens in the Formal Operational Stage (12 years and up)?
individuals develop the ability to think about abstract concepts. They can reason logically, think about hypothetical situations, and use deductive reasoning.
Goal) Scientific reasoning
Why did behavioral scientist disagree with Jean Piaget’s research?
his findings were often derived from observing his own children (small sample size and cultural bias).
_______ expanded on Piaget’s conceptualization of moral development
Lawrence Kohlberg
conservation refers to
the notion that a substance’s mass, weight, and volume remain the same even it changes shape.
All tall skinny pitcher of water is emptied into a small squatty pitcher. A child indicates that she feels the small pitcher has less water, the child has not yet mastered ?
conservation
Shawna is leading a group which is meeting for the third time. She notes that the eight members are showing a lot of resistance to the process and to her as leader. They are questioning the purpose of the group’s existence. It is likely that the next stage for this group to move into is 1. working
2. consolidation and termination
3. transition
4. forming.
working phase
The Multimodal Life History (developed by Lazarus) is what kind of document about people’s backgrounds, their personal and social histories, their presenting problems, and the seven areas of functioning?A. A brief questionnaire
B. An extensive written questionnaire
C. A narrative process between client and counselor
D. A multiple choice test
An extensive written questionnaire
Which of the following is least helpful when dealing with resistance in a group:
A) Confrontation
B) Modeling
C) Discussion
D) Extinction
Extinction, where you would ignore a behavior until the individual or group stops.
In Piagetian literature, conservation would most likely refer to?
volume or mass
a child masters conservation at which Piagetian stage?
Preoperations, ages 2-7 years old
** remember conservation begins with a C for concrete this is established before concrete**
One of the more recent identifiable trends within the counseling profession is related to
1. disaster mental health counseling.
2. state licensure of the counseling profession.
3. international adaptation of the U.S. model of counseling
4. national accreditation of counselor training programs
disaster mental health counseling.
Lawrence Kolberg suggested that there are how many levels of morality
3 levels of morality each level has 2 stages
1. preconventional
2. conventional
3. post conventional
what are Elisabeth Kubler-Ross’s stages of grief
1) Denial
2) Anger
3) Bargaining
4) Depression
5) Acceptance
Which of the following is least helpful when dealing with resistance in a group:
A) Confrontation
B) Modeling
C) Discussion
D) Extinction
the inability to see things from other perspectives than one’s own. occurs in small children ages 2-7 in preoperational stages.
According to Jean Piaget, a child master’s the concept of reversibility in the 3rd stage, known as concrete operations. This notion suggests
one can undo an action; hence an object (say a glass of water) can return to its initial shape.
During a thunderstorm, a 6-year-old child in Piaget’s stage of preoperational thought (Stage 2) says “the rain is following me”. Is an example of
Egocentrism
Who coined the term “ behaviorism “ and is labeled the father of behaviorism?
John B Watson
Which of the following groups of people experience excitement disorders? a) Men
b) Women
c) Children
d) men and women
Men and Women, excitement refer to consists of conditions where a man or woman fails to remain sexually aroused for a sufficient period of time to engage in sexual activity.
ex) erectile dysfunction
The Heinz dilemma is to Kohlberg’s theory as
a typing test is to the level to typing skill mastered
Kohlberg’s theories are based on
Morality and Ethics, Kohlberg was more interested in the reasoning behind the decision rather than the decision itself.
Heinz dilemma refers to
a method used by Kohlberg to assess the level and stage of moral development.
The term “ identity crisis “ was coined by
Erik Erikson
What does Martin Seligman theories surround?
study of human strengths such as joy, happiness, wisdom, and altruism.
Alfred Adler is significant for
the founder of individual psychology which stresses the inferiority complex
Trust vs Mistrust is ___________
Erikson’s first of eight stages of psychosocial development
Adler’s theory of Individual Psychology emphasizes
the uniqueness of each person and the importance of social factors in shaping personality. He believed that humans are motivated by social connectedness and a striving for superiority or success.
Abraham Maslow is a ______ psychologist known for ?
Humanistic, the Hierarchy of Needs,
what are the two stages of the preconventional level
stage 1:Obedience and Punishment Orientation
stage 2: Individualism and Exchange
Who fostered DBT
Marsha M Linehan it is useful for clients with feelings of self-harm and suicide
DBT focuses heavily on
being aware of your own state of mind and the environment.
Freud and Erikson both
a) could be classified as behaviorists
b) could be classified as maturationists
c) agreed that developmental stages are psychosexual
d) were prime movers in the dialectical behavior therapy or DBT movement.
d) were prime movers in the dialectical behavior therapy or DBT movement.
the zone of proximal development
a)was pioneered by Lev Vygotsky
b) was pioneered by Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg
c) emphasized organ inferiority
d) a,b, and c
A) was pioneered by Lev Vygotsky
What is hedonism? (preconventional level)
refers to the idea that moral behavior is driven by the pursuit of personal pleasure and the avoidance of pain.
Kohlberg’s highest level if morality is termed postconventional morality. Here the individual
a) must truly contend with psychosexual urges
b) has so called “good boy/good girl” orientation
c) has self-imposed morals and ethics.
d) a and b
C) has self-imposed morals and ethics
According to Lawrence Kohlberg level 3 which is postconventional or self-accepted moral principles,
a) refers to the naive hedonism stage
b) operates on the premise that rewards guide morals
c) a and b
d) is the highest level of morality. However, some people never reach this level.
D) is the highest level of morality. However, some people never reach this level.
In Kohlberg’s first or preconventional level the individuals moral behaviors is guided by
consequences / premoral
Kohlberg’s second level of morality is kwon as conventional morality. This level is characterized by
a) psychosexual urges
b) desire to live up to society expectations
c) a desire to conform
d) b and c
D) B and C
a person who successfully mastered Erikson’s first 7 stages would be ready to enter Erikson’s final/eight stage of ________-
Identity vs Despair
John Bowlby the British psychiatrist is mostly associated with
a) the work of psychologist and pediatrician, Arnold Gesell, a maturationist.
b) developmental stages theory
c) bonding and attachment
d) the unconscious mind
c) Bonding and Attachment
in which Eriksonian stage does the midlife crisis occur?
a) generativity vs stagnation
b) integrity vs despair
c) a and b
d) Erikson’s stages doesnt address midlife crisis
generativity vs stagnation
The researcher who is well known for his work with maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys is
a) Harry Harlow
b) John Bowlby
c) Lawrence Kohlberg
d) all of the above
Harry Harlow
the statement males are better than females when performing mathematical calculations is:
a) false
b) true due to genetics
c) true only in middle aged men
d) true according to research by Elanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin
true according to research by Elanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin
the eriksonian stage that focuses heavily on sharing your life with another person is
a) actually, the major theme in all of erikson’s 8 stages
b) generativity versus stagnation – ages 35 - 60 years
c) intimacy vs isolation – ages 23 - 34 years
d) a critical factor which Erikson fails to mention
c) intimacy vs isolation – ages 23 - 34 years
Freud postulated the psychosexual stages
a) id, ego, and superego
b) oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital
c) eros, thanatos, regression, and superego
d) manifest, latent, oral, and phallic
b) the baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry cloth surrogate mother than a wire surrogate mother.
In Adolescence,
a) female commit suicide more than males
b) suicide is a concern but statistically very rare.
c) the teens who talk about suicide are not serious
d) males commit suicide more often than women but women attempt suicide more often.
d) males commit suicide more often than women but women attempt suicide more often.
we often refer to Individuals as conformists. Which of these individuals would most likely conform to his or her peers.
a) an 18-year-old male college student
b) a 23-year-old male drummer in a rock band
c) a 57-year female stockbroker
d) a 13 year old male middle school student
d) a 13 year old male middle school student
In Harry Harlow’s experiments with baby monkeys
a) a wire surrogate mother was favored by most young monkeys over a terry cloth version.
b) the baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry cloth surrogate mother than a wire surrogate mother.
c) female monkeys have a tendency to drink large quantities of alcohol.
d) male monkeys have a tendency to drink large quantities of alcohol.
b) the baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry cloth surrogate mother than a wire surrogate mother.
In general U.S. population
a) the suicide rate is 2/100,000
b) suicide occurs at the beginning of a depressive episode but rarely after the depression lifts.
c) suicide rates tend to increase with age
d) suicide occurs at the beginning of a depressive episode but rarely after the depression lifts and suicide rates tend to increase with age
C) suicide rates tend to increase with age
the fear of death
a) is greatest during middle age
b) is an almost exclusively male phenomenon
c) is the number one psychiatric problem in the geriatric years.
d) surprisingly enough occurs in the teen years.
a) is greatest during middle age
In Freudian theory, attachment is a major factor
a) in the preconscious mind
b) in the mind of the child in latency
c) which evolves primarily during the oral age.
d) a and b
c) which evolves primarily during the oral age.
Rosenthals key rule about medical diagnosis
Always get a medical diagnosis to rule out physical or organic problems before treating a psychological (functional) disorder.
Rosenthals key rule about confidentiality
Respect client confidentiality. However, understand that there are situations where you may need to break confidentiality (e.g., when safety is at risk). Inform clients upfront about these limitations.
How many key rules do howard rosenthal have?
40-44
Rosenthals key rule about informed consent
Clearly outline informed consent information, including freedom of choice, fees, techniques used, and your qualifications. If you lack proper training to address a specific issue, refrain from treating it.
Who Is G Stanley hall?
founder of psychology in the U.S. and the first president of the APA.
What was the focus of G Stanley hall studies?
child and child guidance.
Who were the behaviorist of psychology
Ivan Pavlov
John B Watson
B.F. Skinner
Joseph Wolpe
What is John Locke’s view on knowledge?
Knowledge is acquired through experience. all behavior is a learned result
what are schemas
patterns of thought and behavior
Assimilation occurs
when individuals incorporate new information into their existing schemas (adapting qualitatively)
assimilation is apart of
Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development
accommodations are
when new information is integrated into existing schemas without changing them, accommodation works alongside assimilation,
if a child knows that dogs have four legs and then learns that cats also have four legs, they might initially think all four-legged animals are dogs. When they realize that cats are different from dogs, they adjust their schema to accommodate this new information, creating a separate category for cats. This is an example of
Accomodations
According to Jean Piaget, object permanence
occurs in the sensorimotor stage, It refers to the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible or otherwise detectable by the senses.
if you hide a toy under a blanket, a baby might act as if the toy has disappeared completely. However, once they achieve ___________, they will understand that the toy is still there and will actively search for it
object permanence
When you cover your face with your hands and then reveal it, a baby who hasn’t developed ____________ might think you’ve disappeared and then reappeared
object permanence
According to Jean Piaget, what is centration
the act of focusing on one aspect of something. It is a key factor in the preoperational stage
what are the two stages of conventional level
stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationships
stage 4: Maintaining Social Order
When does abstract scientific thinking occur
in the formal operations stage (age 12 - adulthood)
what are the two stages of postconventional level
stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights
stage 6: Universal Principles
Kegan’s model emphasizes
the impact of interpersonal interaction and our perception
What is the significance of Carol Gilligan’s theory of Moral Development
she debunked kohlbergs findings im her book “ a different voice” explaining that Kohlberg focuses solely on males and females have a sense of caring and compassion.
Daniel Levinson 4 major eras/transitions theory highlights the idea that men change throughout their life span in 4 eras being:
Childhood and adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, and later adulthood
Lev Vygotsky proposed that cognitive development
isn’t a result of innate factors but is produced by activities that take place one’s culture.
According to Lev Vygotsky, zone of proximal development (ZDP)
The difference in the child’s ability to solve problems on his own and his capacity to solve them with some help from others.
According to Freud, what is Libido
the drive and the sexual instinct that is present even at birth
why do other theorist criticize Freud
focusing on sex and not including the entire life span in his theory
Abraham Maslow is known for
his theory of self-actualized people, Maslow believed people rarely reached self-actualization
Maslow is what type of theoerist
Humanist ( Humanistic Psychology)
what is the order of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
- Physiological Needs: Basic survival needs such as air, water, food, shelter, clothing, and sleep.
- Safety Needs: Protection from elements, security, order, law, stability, and freedom from fear.
- Love and Belongingness Needs: Emotional relationships such as friendships, family, and intimacy.
- Esteem Needs: Respect, self-esteem, status, recognition, strength, and freedom.
- Self-Actualization Needs: Realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth, and peak experiences.
Maslow later added a sixth level, self-transcendence, which involves helping others achieve self-actualization and finding a higher purpose beyond oneself.
James W. Fowler’s theory of faith and spiritual development outlines
six stages that individuals typically progress through as they mature in their faith and spirituality.
In order to become self-actualized people must
fulfill their lower-order physiological and safety needs.
William Perry’s theory of intellectual and ethical development in adults/college students focused on
Dualism, Relativism, and commitment to relativism.
According to Diana Baumring’s, what are the 3 types of parenting styles
- Authoritarian Parenting: This style is characterized by high demands and low responsiveness.
- Permissive/Passive/Indulgent Parenting: avoid confrontation, highly responsive but have few demands or controls.
- Authoritative Parenting: high demands with high responsiveness. set clear rules and expectations but also provide warmth, support, and open communication.
According to William Perry, what is Commitment to relativism?
in this final stage, the individual is willing to change his/her opinion based on novel facts or new POVs.
James W. Fowler’s is based on what theorist’s work:
Piaget, Kohlberg, and Erikson
What are James W. Fowler’s 6 stages of faith and spiritual development
Stage 0: undifferentiated (primal) faith (ages birth to 4 yrs old)
Stage 1: Intuitive-Projective Faith (Ages 2-7)
Stage 2: Mythic-Literal Faith (childhood and beyond possibly 7-12)
Stage 3: Synthetic-Conventional Faith (Adolescence)
Stage 4: Individuative-Reflective Faith (Young Adulthood)
Stage 5: Conjunctive Faith (Middle Adulthood/30s)
Stage 6: Universalizing Faith (Late Adulthood)
what is Diana Baumrind known for
parenting styles types
children born to teen moms are
likely to become teen moms themselves
what is autoplastic-alloplastic dilemma?
autoplastic implies that the counselor helps the client change to cope with his or her environment. alloplastic occurs when the counselor has the client try to change the environment.
_______________ appears to be the best treatment for those with eating disorders
family therapy
culture is defined as
habits, customs, art, religion, science, and the political behavior of a given group.
what is ethnocentrism
a given group sees itself as the standard by which other ethnic groups are measured. (how other cultures view you)
what is emic versus etic distinctions
the counselor helps the client understand his or her culture. in therapy the counselor focuses on the similarities in people, treating as being the same.
tests and nosological systems such as the DSM …
can have a Eurocentric or Euro-American bias.
what is paralanguage?
a form of nonverbal communication that allows people to add layers of meaning to their spoken utterances through the manipulation of the manner of speech, or the way they say things
what is proxemics?
address the issues of personal space also known as spatial reasons.
what are means tests and why are they used?
a financial assessment used to determine whether an individual or family qualifies for certain types of government assistance or benefits. It evaluates the financial resources available to a person, such as income, assets, and expenses, to decide if they are eligible for support.
what programs require a “means test”?
TANF, SNAP, WIC
means tests are sometimes confused with?
social insurance programs such as SSI, which anyone can get despite being wealthy
what is the social comparison theory?
We evaluate our behaviors and accomplishments by comparing ourselves to others.
who coined the social comparison theory?
Leon Festinger
what are cognitive dissonance?
when individuals will change their beliefs, attitude, or thoughts to match their behavior when there is a mismatch.
who coined the term cognitive dissonance?
Leon Festinger
what is confirmation bias?
acknowledging information that supports your POV and ignoring information that doesn’t
What is anglo-conformity theory?
asserts that people from other cultures would do well to forget about their heritage and try to become like those in the dominant culture macroculture
what are high self-monitoring individuals?
people who care about their self-image and what others think of them
what did Stanley Schachter believe?
In his social comparison and affiliation theory he found that misery loves company it helps them feel understood and less isolated.
What is the minority identity model known as?
The five stage Atkinson, Morten, and Sue’s Racial/ Cultural Identity Development Model (R/CID)
What it the five stage Atkinson, Morten, and Sue’s Racial/ Cultural Identity Development Model (R/CID)?
- conformity lean towards the dominant culture and prefers a counselor form the dominant culture
- dissonance - question and confusion in this stage, prefers a counselor from the minority group
- resistance and immersion - Individuals in this stage reject the dominant culture and immerse themselves in their own racial or cultural group. They develop a strong sense of pride in their identity and may feel anger or hostility towards the dominant group.
- introspection - mixed feelings related to previous stage, prefer a counselor from one’s own racial/ethnic group.
- synergetic articulation and awareness - individuals achieve a balanced and secure sense of identity. They appreciate their own cultural heritage while also recognizing and valuing the positive aspects of other cultures, prefers a counselor with the same attitude or worldview.
what experiment is Muzafer Sherif known for?
Robbers Cave Experiment
what experiment is Philip Zimbardo known for ?
Stanford prison experiment
what is the robbers cave experiment?
two opposing groups of boys ended up working together to solve the same problem also known as superordinate goals.
what is the Stanford prison experiment?
is not considered an ethical experiment today but a situation can control behavior as well as assigned roles such as telling subjects to be a guard or prisoner.
what experiment is Solomon Asch known for ?
Conformity based on length of line
what did the “ length of line” conformity studies find?
a social group would sell out and agree with the opinions of others about the length of the line even when they knew the individuals were clearly wrong.
what experiment was John Darley & Bibb Latane known for?
Bystander effect or Bystander Apathy
what is the bystander effect/apathy experiment?
the greater the number of people in a group the less likely they are to help a person in need.
what experiment is Stanley Milgram known for?
the obedience to authority experiment
what is the obedience to authority experiment?
65% of subjects gave painful electric shocks to innocent victims when instructed to do so by authority figures even after complaints of heart problems i.e. some claims this explains the holocaust.
what is “ the helping myth” ?
people belief that having a client and counselor of the same race or gender will produce a better therapeutic relationship
Besides intrinsic or extrinsic motivation, Sweeny thought focusing on these three actions would help to form a therapeutic relationship with the client
- Focus on the present
- Focus on the behavior rather than the person
- focus on what is being learned
The five types of psychotherapeutic alliances, as identified by Petruska Clarkson
- I/You relationships known as person-to-person relationships
- Transpersonal
- Working Alliances
- Reparative Relationship/Developmentally Needed
- Transference/Countertransference Relationship
Social psychologists agree that attitude consists of these three components which are
Cognitive, Affective, Behavioral
If when judging behavior of others we tend to emphasize internal personality factors over external situational causes. But when analyzing our own behavior, we emphasize internal personal attributions for our successes and ten to give external environmental attributions for our failures. This is known as
Self Serving Bias
What is Self Serving Bias ?
a cognitive tendency where individuals attribute their successes to internal factors, such as their own abilities or efforts, while blaming external factors for their failures.
Clinicians use the term ________ to describe statements explaining why people do what they do.
Attribution
When we offer an explanation for behavior such as, “she was weak willed” or “he was intimidating,” the term _______________ is applied.
attribution
Increasing depression after age 65 may be caused by:
After age 65, life usually begins to change. Decreasing income, loss of a partner, or physical health, may change social status.
what is the age integration theory?
Age integration can refer to people in any age group and promotes the opportunity for all to work, learn, or play as the wish, regardless of age.
Treatment via multimodal therapy begins with a comprehensive assessment of seven areas, using questions and scales to identify both ________ and ___________.
Strength and problem areas
Which of the following are useful techniques associated with multimodal therapy?
Bridging and tracking, in bridging, clinicians deliberately relate to clients first through the client’s dominate modality (thinking, feeling, images, etc.) to build connection and rapport, and then branch off into other areas likely to be productive and enhance client skills.
In multimodal therapy, people seem to respond best to interventions that target their
Preferred modalities
What is the BASIC I.D. acronym in multimodal therapy, developed by Arnold Lazarus
1) Behavior: Actions and habits.
2) Affect: Emotions and mood.
3) Sensation: Sensory experiences, such as touch, taste, and smell.
4) Imagery: Mental images and visualizations.
5) Cognition: Thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes.
6) Interpersonal relationships: Social interactions and relationships.
7) Drugs/Biology: Biological factors, including physical health, diet, and substance use
Gestalt therapy seems to be a sound approach for many people who seek treatment because they no longer have a sense of joy. Gestalt therapy is also well-suited for
eating disorders being that they have a distorted perceptions of body image.
Language plays an important part in Gestalt therapy, like the use of _____ and _______ questions.
what and how
In person-centered counseling, both ______________ and ________________ are vital.
Goals and therapeutic alliance are a vital part of person-centered counseling
Industrial/Organizational psychology is a combination of three major areas. They include:
They are human factors, personnel, and organizational psychology.
What is the Rorschach Test?
It’s a test known as the inkblot test the idea behind the test is that the differences in perception relate to differences in personalities.
What are two of the criticisms of projective tests?
Two different examiners can interpret the same results two different ways, resulting in low reliability and validity of the tests
A test using cards with pictures, usually containing people, is called
The Thematic Apperception Test
what three words define Industrial/Organizational (I/O) psychology.
The study of how individual behavior affects and is affected by the physical environment and the organizational structure of the workplace.
Why are most of the questions on the MMPI test about abnormal behavior?
It is designed primarily to diagnose psychological disorders
The Multimodal Life History (developed by Lazarus) is what kind of document about people’s backgrounds, their personal and social histories, their presenting problems, and the seven areas of functioning?
An extensive written questionnaire
What is the difference between the MMP1 and MMP2?
MMP2 is a revision of the tests done in 1989
____________ has been shown to be effective in treating mild to moderately severe mental health disorders, including depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, and adjustment disorders
Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT)
In cognitive therapy, sessions are carefully planned and structured to maximize their ________ and __________.
Impact and efficiency
The fundamental goal of existential therapy is helping people find _________, _____________, and ___________ in their lives.
Value, meaning, and purpose
In person-centered therapy, what does the clinician do?
a clinician creates an environment that allows people to trust themselves and make good use of their potential
job satisfaction results from a match between personality and occupation according to the
Personality-job Fit Theory
What are the three theories that promote worker motivation
Goal-Setting Theory, Equity Theory, and Expectancy Theory
Personnel Psychology is obviously related with personnel. What would that include?
The Personnel branch of I/O psychology involves the recruiting, selecting, training, and evaluating of workers. It plays an important role in locating the right person for the right job.
Participative Decision Making is
a decision making model in which the people involved in implementing a decision are also involved in making it. i.e. Theory Y
Douglas McGregor developed two contrasting theories that explained how managers’ beliefs about what motivates their people could affect their management style which are:
(theory X) that are negative towards their employees, always looking for the wrong; and those (theory Y) that take a positive outlook with their employees and look for (and find) the best in each one.
What does Human Factor Psychology address?
Human factors psychology studies ways to improve the design and function of machines and the work environment to better meet the needs of human users.
Part of Personnel Psychology includes interviewing. Most people hate being interviewed. One of the reasons for this is something called ‘First date’ syndrome. What are the 2 factors of first date syndrome?
1) Unstated outcomes
2) Behaving with artificial care/skill
When one person meets another, impressions tend to be formed immediately. These first impressions are often difficult to change. What word, or words, is given to describe or mean this situation?
Subjectivity
What rights do clients have in relation to the testing process?
Informed consent, signed release for any info given to others
Who created the Archway Model of Career Determinates theory?
Donald Super
Consent can be
written or oral
A supervisory relationship involves two kinds of legal issues. Which ones are they?
Sexual relationships & harassment issues
A person who scores highly in the Realistic area of Holland’s vocational types is someone who
someone who likes to work with their hands, machines, and tools
In Super’s theory, one of the stages is exploration. What is the age range for this stage?
Mid teens to early twenties
How many classifications are included in Holland’s theory of Vocational Types?
There are six vocational types in Holland’s career theory.
Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional
What is the role of the Occupational Outlook Handbook in career counseling?
source of information about careers
Nearly all companies do employee evaluations at least every year. During the evaluation process, there is something referred to as the ‘Halo Effect.’ What does this refer to?
Tendency to rate people too high or too low based on one outstanding trait
Employee training typically begins with an orientation program. What is the major unstated goal of orientation?
Transmitting organizational culture
In the Social Cognitive Career theory, people sometimes eliminate many career possibilities when looking at choices because
they have faulty self-efficacy beliefs or low expectations of their ability to perform in certain types of jobs
In the beginnings of psychology there were eight schools of thought, each one differing in the method of treatment. These eight included:
Gestalt, Psychobiology, Humanistic
Who is Victor Frankl?
An early existentialist therapist, wrote “Man’s Search for Meaning”
According to Gestalt therapists, people experience psychological difficulties because
They have become cut off from important parts of themselves
Research has shown there are several characteristics of a successful client. Two of these characteristics are ___________ and _______________.
Maturity and the capacity for relationships
On a multiaxial system assessment, Axis II is for reporting _____________ and _______________.
Personality disorders and mental retardation
When using the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale, clinicians need to start ________.
At the top level and keep moving down the scale until the best match is found
Self-talk is a technique in which people repeat to themselves positive and encouraging phrases that they have identified as helpful many times a day. This technique is used in ____________ therapy.
Cognitive therapy
Stress Inoculation Training (SIT) is a part of cognitive behavioral treatment. The therapist seeks to “immunize” a client from the adverse impact of stress by helping them successfully handle increasing levels of stress. There are three phases to this training. The first phase is
Conceptualization
When using Anchoring in treatment with a client, the clinician is attempting to create ___________ .
Planned positive responses to certain situations
The theory that a match between a person’s personality and their work results in increased job satisfaction, is known as ____________________
Personality-job Fit Theory
Why do some workers put in long hours and stay late while some arrive late and leave early? These differences are why employers are interested in Worker Motivation. This is an example of
Equity Theory
A key method of Theory Y management is the idea that the people involved in implementing a decision are also involved in making it. This is referred to as:
Participative Decision Making
Structuralism focused on
the sensations and feelings of conscious experience and established the importance of studying the mental process.
One aspect of program management involves _______________ and _________________.
Integrating teaching and counseling skills
Some of the well known names in the history of psychology include:
Mary Calkins, Erik Erikson, Albert Bandura
In couples therapy, the Dyadic Trust Scale ____________.
A. Is an eight-item questionnaire
B. Takes less than 3 minutes to take
C. Focuses on trust between marriage partners
One task of a new couple according to Carter and McGoldrick Is to ____________.
learn their patner
a mistake in judging the causes of others’ behavior that comes from the tendency to overestimate internal, personal factors and underestimate external, situational influences.
Fundamental Attribution Error
For what theory is Harvard psychologist Howard Gardner responsible?
Multiple intelligences theory
Attractive actors and popular sports stars are paid lots of money to endorse certain products because advertisers know that we want to be as attractive, beautiful, or popular as they are. What is this major factor called?
Reference Groups
what is primack principle?
the differential-probability hypothesis, states that a more desirable activity (e.g., such as eating chocolate) can be used to reinforce a less desirable one (such as writing an essay).
how is the standard error of measurement used?
it is calculated after the test has been taken and scored
A boy watches his older brother help his mother do the dishes and receive a hug in return. The younger brother helps his mother do the dishes the following day and is disappointed that he did not receive a hug in return. According to Albert Bandura, social learning did not take place mainly because which of the following conditions was not met?
Reproduction
While involved with a research study, a counselor learns that several of her students are using confidential material in an unethical manner. She had no prior knowledge of this, and all of her safeguards for professional practice were appropriate. Is she, as the principal researcher, responsible for the student’s behavior?
The counselor is ultimately responsible
glass, crank, and crystal is known as _________ in substance abuse
methamphetamine
Albert Bandura’s theory posits that the following conditions must be met for social learning:
attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.
in REBT what is the ABCDE model
A - Activating Event: This is the event or situation that triggers a response. It can be anything from a specific incident to a general circumstance.
B - Beliefs: These are the thoughts and interpretations about the activating event. Beliefs can be rational (helpful and realistic) or irrational (unhelpful and unrealistic).
C - Consequences: These are the emotional and behavioral outcomes resulting from the beliefs. Irrational beliefs often lead to negative consequences, such as anxiety or depression.
D - Disputation: This step involves challenging and questioning the irrational beliefs. The goal is to replace them with more rational and constructive beliefs.
E - New Effect: After disputing the irrational beliefs, the individual adopts new, rational beliefs, leading to healthier emotional and behavioral outcomes
What idea is Francis Galton known for
inherited intellectual ability
If a client with OCD is undergoing Exposure and Response Prevention therapy and the client has established a goal of being able to go into a store to shop for groceries, which of the following is the next step for the client?
Create a fear ladder
Developed by Luft and Ingham, ______________ asserts that there are four parts to the personality: the public self, the blind self, the private self, and the unknown self.
the concept of the Johari Window
The second stage is called _______________, when group members begin to familiarize themselves with each other and test limits
Storming
the initial stage when group members are first placed together, and members tend to be rather cautious during this stage.
FORMING
_____________ is the most appropriate tool for screening children and adolescents 21 and older
CAGE
____________ is the most appropriate tool for screening children and adolescents under age 21 for drug and alcohol use
CRAFFT
What is meant by the term “regression toward the mean?
It means that most scoring very high or low on a pretest will score nearer the mean on a posttest
who is created the birth order theory?
alfred alder
the cerebellum is responsible for
coordination and balance
the cerebral cortex is responsible for
impulses and regulating emotions
According to James Prochaska and Carlo DiClemente’s transtheoretical model (TTM) of the stages of change, the ___________ stage they begin to gain awareness of the behaviors without any plan to act on changing them
contemplation
According to James Prochaska and Carlo DiClemente’s transtheoretical model (TTM) of the stages of change, Individuals in the _____________ stage lack awareness of behaviors that may require change
precontemplation
The final stage is __________ , and is just as it sounds, the act of disbanding the group
Adjourning
In the _________ stage, the group is at its most mature and working toward common goals.
Performing
__________ occurs when conflicts begin to be worked out, and some level of cohesiveness is achieved
Norming
who is best known for structural family therapy?
Salvador Minuchin
who is best known for psychoanalytic family therapy?
Nathan Ackerman
Research suggests which of the following to be the most common predictor of suicidal intent?
Hopelessness
a cultural norm refers to
how people are supposed to act
Jay Haley’s strategic family therapy focuses on
- how families use or abuse power
- how they fail to communicate effectively
- how a symptom serves as a protection against something that is painful.
As a self-care strategy for counselors, acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) seeks to
evoke change by active participation in values-based behaviors
According to James Prochaska and Carlo DiClemente’s transtheoretical model (TTM) of the stages of change, In the last stage, __________ , individuals take the action steps required to sustain change
maintenance
In Donald Super’s developmental approach to careers, which vocational developmental task did Super associate with the period of ages 18 to 21?
specification
According to James Prochaska and Carlo DiClemente’s transtheoretical model (TTM) of the stages of change, actual changes are made in the _____________ stage
action
According to James Prochaska and Carlo DiClemente’s transtheoretical model (TTM) of the stages of change, In the ________ stage, clients acknowledge the detrimental consequences of their behavior and get ready to make a change
preparation
According to the American Counseling Association (ACA) Code of Ethics (2014), the primary purpose of the supervisor-supervisee counseling relationship is to:
protect the welfare of the supervisee’s clients
a V code in the DSM is
focus of treatment that is not attributable to the specific mental condition
A client is in the maintenance stage of recovery from addiction. How long does the counselor anticipate that the maintenance stage may persist?
after 90 days up to 5 years
A counselor assigns his client reading to do outside of the therapy sessions. What type of therapy is likely being utilized?
Bibliotherapy
A client is taking a “tricyclic” medication. What type of drug is this
antidepressant
Which of the following types of psychotherapists would be most likely to use free association and transference?
psychodynamic therapist
Carl Rogers Viewed man as
positive when he develops in a warm, accepting, trusting environment
Eric Berne defined transactional analysis as
messages learned about self in childhood determine whether a person is good or bad though intervention can change this script
Sigmund Freud defined psychoanalysis as
deterministic, people are controlled by biological instincts; are unsocialized, irrational, driven by unconscious forces such as sex and aggression.
Albert Ellis defined rational emotive behavior therapy as
a form of cognitive-behavioral therapy that focuses on helping individuals identify and change irrational beliefs that lead to emotional and behavioral issues using ABC model
what is albert ellis ABC model
Activating event - something that happens
Beliefs- interpretation of events
Consequence - emotions & behavior in response to the event
Fritz Perls of gestalt therapy believed
people are not bad or good. people have the capacity to govern life effectively as whole. People are part of their environment as must be viewed as such.
Glasser of reality therapy believed
individuals strive to meet basic physiological needs and the needs to be worthwhile to self and others. Brain as control system tries to meet needs.
Alfred Adler believed individual psychology is
man is basically good much of behavior is determined by birth order
Carl Jung believed analytic psychology is
when a man strives for individuation or a sense of self-fulfillment.
Albert Bandura believed neo behavioristic
people learn through observation, imitation, modeling
Frankl believed logotherapy
is a existential view that humans are good, rational, and retain freedom of choice
B.F. Skinner believed behavior modification is
mechanistic and controlled via environmental stimuli and reinforcement contingencies not good or bad no self determination or freedom believed humans were like animals
Williamson trait factor
through education and scientific data man can become himself. Humans are born with potential for good or evil.
a person centered therapist would
treat all diagnostic categories of the DSM using the same principles.
rogers felt that __________ for a client change to occur
three conditions are necessary; geniuness/congruence, unconditional positive regard, and empathetic understanding.
consultation occurs in what setting?
work/organizational
Allen E Ivey has populated three types of empathy
basic, subtractive, and additive
_____ and _____ created a program to help counselors learn accurate empathy
Charles Truax and Robert Carkhuff
the human relations core for effective counseling includes
empathy, positive regard(or respect), and genuineness
prior to the 1960s most counseling took pace in
a dyadic relationship
the term group therapy was coined in 1931 by
Jacob Mereno, father of psychodrama
which theorist work has been classified as a preface to the group movement?
Alfred Adler and Jesse B Davis
primary groups are
preventative and attempt to ward off problems
a group is secondary this implies that
a difficulty or disturbance is present ( coleadership/cofacilitation)
group cohesiveness refers to forces that tend to
bind the group together
how is group therapy different from group counseling
group therapy require longer duration and is referred to as personality restructuring
the T in T groups stand for
training
