CPCE Flashcards
topics review
Simon Freud’s stages are psychosexual while Erikson’s stages are
Psychosocial
What are Freud’s 5 psychosexual stages?
Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency and Genital
What is the Oral phase in Freud’s psychosexual stages?
The earliest phase in a child’s psychosexual development, during which time the mouth and lips take on an erotic charge (roughly 0-2 years of age). Activities such as sucking, biting, and chewing are crucial as they provide the infant with a sense of comfort and satisfaction.
What is the Anal phase in Freud’s psychosexual stages?
During this stage, the child’s libido (sexual energy) is focused on the anus, and the primary source of pleasure comes from controlling and releasing bowel movements (18 mo - 3 yrs)
Ex) potty training.
What is the phallic phase in Freud’s psychosexual stages?
During this stage, the child’s libido (sexual energy) is focused on the genitals, and they begin to identify with their same-sex parent
( ages 3-6)
What is the genital phase in Freud’s psychosexual stages?
During this stage, the individual’s sexual interests mature, and the focus of libido (sexual energy) is on the genitals.
puberty - adulthood
What is the latency phase in Freud’s psychosexual stages?
During this stage, sexual impulses are repressed, and the focus shifts away from individual sexual development.
ages 6 - puberty
what is electra complex?
It describes a girl’s psychosexual competition with her mother for the affection of her father
what is oedipus complex?
In this stage, a young boy develops unconscious sexual desires for his mother and views his father as a rival for her affection.
The oedipus complex occurs in which phase?
phallic (ages 3-6)
psychometrics refer to
mental testing or measure
The electra complex occurs in which phase?
phallic (ages 3-6)
The only psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory which encompasses the entire life span …
Erik Erikson
psychodiagnostics refer to
the study of personality through interpretation of behaviors or nonverbal cues
What are Erikson’s 8 stages of development?
1.Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy)
2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Toddler years)
3. Initiative vs. Guilt (Preschool years)
4. Industry vs. Inferiority (Middle school years)
5. Identity vs. Identity Confusion (Adolescence)
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young adulthood)
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle adulthood)
8. Integrity vs. Despair (Late adulthood)
Erik Erikson’s is an ego psychologist, ego psychologist emphasizes?
believe in man’s power of reasoning to control behavior.
The statement the “ ego is dependent on the id” would most likely reflect work of
Sigmund Freud
Dualism is the idea of
black & white thinking or either or thinking referring to dualistic thinking
Robert perry is known for
his ideas related to adult cognitive development especially with college students.
what is dualistic thinking?
a way of understanding the world by categorizing it into two opposing and mutually exclusive parts. ex) good vs evil.
what age group is dualistic thinking common in?
Teens
what is relativistic thinking?
the idea that morality or truth is relative, means that what is moral or what is true depends on something else, such as culture, situation, or some other ‘frame of reference.’ (biased thinking)
what is Robert Kegan’s theory?
the Constructive Developmental Theory, focuses on interpersonal development showing how individuals make sense of their experiences and how this evolves over time known as “ meaning making”
what is the impulsive stage according to Robert Kegan?
this stage is typically seen in early childhood, where actions are driven by impulses and immediate needs.
what is the imperial stage according to Robert Kegan?
In this stage, individuals are self-centered and their sense of self is defined by their own needs and desires. This stage is often seen in adolescence.
what are Robert Kegan’s 5 stages of the Constructive Developmental Theory?
- Impulsive stage
- Imperial Stage
- Interpersonal Stage
- Institutional Stage
- Interindividual Stage
what is the interindividual stage according to Robert Kegan?
In this final stage, individuals recognize the complexity of different perspectives and are able to integrate them into their own understanding. They are more open to change and continuous growth.
According to Jean Piaget, what happens in the Preoperational Stage (2 to 7 years)?
children begin to use language and think symbolically, but their thinking is still intuitive and egocentric. They struggle with understanding the viewpoints of others.
Goal) Symbolic thought
What are the 4 stages to Jean Piaget’s idiographic approach?
1) sensorimotor
2) preoperations
3) concrete operations
4) formal operations
what is the institutional stage according to Robert Kegan?
At this stage, individuals develop their own set of values and beliefs, which guide their actions and decisions. They become more self-directed and autonomous. This stage is typically reached in adulthood.
what is the interpersonal stage according to Robert Kegan?
individuals start to understand and value the perspectives of others. Their sense of self is influenced by relationships and social expectations. This stage usually begins in late adolescence or early adulthood.
According to Jean Piaget, what happens in the Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 11 years)?
children start to think logically about concrete events. They gain a better understanding of the concept of conservation.
Goal) Logical thought
According to Jean Piaget, what happens in the Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to 2 years)?
in this stage, infants learn about the world through their senses and actions.
Goal) Object permanence
According to Jean Piaget, what happens in the Formal Operational Stage (12 years and up)?
individuals develop the ability to think about abstract concepts. They can reason logically, think about hypothetical situations, and use deductive reasoning.
Goal) Scientific reasoning
Why did behavioral scientist disagree with Jean Piaget’s research?
his findings were often derived from observing his own children (small sample size and cultural bias).
_______ expanded on Piaget’s conceptualization of moral development
Lawrence Kohlberg
conservation refers to
the notion that a substance’s mass, weight, and volume remain the same even it changes shape.
All tall skinny pitcher of water is emptied into a small squatty pitcher. A child indicates that she feels the small pitcher has less water, the child has not yet mastered ?
conservation
Shawna is leading a group which is meeting for the third time. She notes that the eight members are showing a lot of resistance to the process and to her as leader. They are questioning the purpose of the group’s existence. It is likely that the next stage for this group to move into is 1. working
2. consolidation and termination
3. transition
4. forming.
working phase
The Multimodal Life History (developed by Lazarus) is what kind of document about people’s backgrounds, their personal and social histories, their presenting problems, and the seven areas of functioning?A. A brief questionnaire
B. An extensive written questionnaire
C. A narrative process between client and counselor
D. A multiple choice test
An extensive written questionnaire
Which of the following is least helpful when dealing with resistance in a group:
A) Confrontation
B) Modeling
C) Discussion
D) Extinction
Extinction, where you would ignore a behavior until the individual or group stops.
In Piagetian literature, conservation would most likely refer to?
volume or mass
a child masters conservation at which Piagetian stage?
Preoperations, ages 2-7 years old
** remember conservation begins with a C for concrete this is established before concrete**
One of the more recent identifiable trends within the counseling profession is related to
1. disaster mental health counseling.
2. state licensure of the counseling profession.
3. international adaptation of the U.S. model of counseling
4. national accreditation of counselor training programs
disaster mental health counseling.
Lawrence Kolberg suggested that there are how many levels of morality
3 levels of morality each level has 2 stages
1. preconventional
2. conventional
3. post conventional
what are Elisabeth Kubler-Ross’s stages of grief
1) Denial
2) Anger
3) Bargaining
4) Depression
5) Acceptance
Which of the following is least helpful when dealing with resistance in a group:
A) Confrontation
B) Modeling
C) Discussion
D) Extinction
the inability to see things from other perspectives than one’s own. occurs in small children ages 2-7 in preoperational stages.
According to Jean Piaget, a child master’s the concept of reversibility in the 3rd stage, known as concrete operations. This notion suggests
one can undo an action; hence an object (say a glass of water) can return to its initial shape.
During a thunderstorm, a 6-year-old child in Piaget’s stage of preoperational thought (Stage 2) says “the rain is following me”. Is an example of
Egocentrism
Who coined the term “ behaviorism “ and is labeled the father of behaviorism?
John B Watson
Which of the following groups of people experience excitement disorders? a) Men
b) Women
c) Children
d) men and women
Men and Women, excitement refer to consists of conditions where a man or woman fails to remain sexually aroused for a sufficient period of time to engage in sexual activity.
ex) erectile dysfunction
The Heinz dilemma is to Kohlberg’s theory as
a typing test is to the level to typing skill mastered
Kohlberg’s theories are based on
Morality and Ethics, Kohlberg was more interested in the reasoning behind the decision rather than the decision itself.
Heinz dilemma refers to
a method used by Kohlberg to assess the level and stage of moral development.
The term “ identity crisis “ was coined by
Erik Erikson
What does Martin Seligman theories surround?
study of human strengths such as joy, happiness, wisdom, and altruism.
Alfred Adler is significant for
the founder of individual psychology which stresses the inferiority complex
Trust vs Mistrust is ___________
Erikson’s first of eight stages of psychosocial development
Adler’s theory of Individual Psychology emphasizes
the uniqueness of each person and the importance of social factors in shaping personality. He believed that humans are motivated by social connectedness and a striving for superiority or success.
Abraham Maslow is a ______ psychologist known for ?
Humanistic, the Hierarchy of Needs,
what are the two stages of the preconventional level
stage 1:Obedience and Punishment Orientation
stage 2: Individualism and Exchange
Who fostered DBT
Marsha M Linehan it is useful for clients with feelings of self-harm and suicide
DBT focuses heavily on
being aware of your own state of mind and the environment.
Freud and Erikson both
a) could be classified as behaviorists
b) could be classified as maturationists
c) agreed that developmental stages are psychosexual
d) were prime movers in the dialectical behavior therapy or DBT movement.
d) were prime movers in the dialectical behavior therapy or DBT movement.
the zone of proximal development
a)was pioneered by Lev Vygotsky
b) was pioneered by Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg
c) emphasized organ inferiority
d) a,b, and c
A) was pioneered by Lev Vygotsky
What is hedonism? (preconventional level)
refers to the idea that moral behavior is driven by the pursuit of personal pleasure and the avoidance of pain.
Kohlberg’s highest level if morality is termed postconventional morality. Here the individual
a) must truly contend with psychosexual urges
b) has so called “good boy/good girl” orientation
c) has self-imposed morals and ethics.
d) a and b
C) has self-imposed morals and ethics
According to Lawrence Kohlberg level 3 which is postconventional or self-accepted moral principles,
a) refers to the naive hedonism stage
b) operates on the premise that rewards guide morals
c) a and b
d) is the highest level of morality. However, some people never reach this level.
D) is the highest level of morality. However, some people never reach this level.
In Kohlberg’s first or preconventional level the individuals moral behaviors is guided by
consequences / premoral
Kohlberg’s second level of morality is kwon as conventional morality. This level is characterized by
a) psychosexual urges
b) desire to live up to society expectations
c) a desire to conform
d) b and c
D) B and C
a person who successfully mastered Erikson’s first 7 stages would be ready to enter Erikson’s final/eight stage of ________-
Identity vs Despair
John Bowlby the British psychiatrist is mostly associated with
a) the work of psychologist and pediatrician, Arnold Gesell, a maturationist.
b) developmental stages theory
c) bonding and attachment
d) the unconscious mind
c) Bonding and Attachment
in which Eriksonian stage does the midlife crisis occur?
a) generativity vs stagnation
b) integrity vs despair
c) a and b
d) Erikson’s stages doesnt address midlife crisis
generativity vs stagnation
The researcher who is well known for his work with maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys is
a) Harry Harlow
b) John Bowlby
c) Lawrence Kohlberg
d) all of the above
Harry Harlow
the statement males are better than females when performing mathematical calculations is:
a) false
b) true due to genetics
c) true only in middle aged men
d) true according to research by Elanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin
true according to research by Elanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin
the eriksonian stage that focuses heavily on sharing your life with another person is
a) actually, the major theme in all of erikson’s 8 stages
b) generativity versus stagnation – ages 35 - 60 years
c) intimacy vs isolation – ages 23 - 34 years
d) a critical factor which Erikson fails to mention
c) intimacy vs isolation – ages 23 - 34 years
Freud postulated the psychosexual stages
a) id, ego, and superego
b) oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital
c) eros, thanatos, regression, and superego
d) manifest, latent, oral, and phallic
b) the baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry cloth surrogate mother than a wire surrogate mother.
In Adolescence,
a) female commit suicide more than males
b) suicide is a concern but statistically very rare.
c) the teens who talk about suicide are not serious
d) males commit suicide more often than women but women attempt suicide more often.
d) males commit suicide more often than women but women attempt suicide more often.
we often refer to Individuals as conformists. Which of these individuals would most likely conform to his or her peers.
a) an 18-year-old male college student
b) a 23-year-old male drummer in a rock band
c) a 57-year female stockbroker
d) a 13 year old male middle school student
d) a 13 year old male middle school student
In Harry Harlow’s experiments with baby monkeys
a) a wire surrogate mother was favored by most young monkeys over a terry cloth version.
b) the baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry cloth surrogate mother than a wire surrogate mother.
c) female monkeys have a tendency to drink large quantities of alcohol.
d) male monkeys have a tendency to drink large quantities of alcohol.
b) the baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry cloth surrogate mother than a wire surrogate mother.
In general U.S. population
a) the suicide rate is 2/100,000
b) suicide occurs at the beginning of a depressive episode but rarely after the depression lifts.
c) suicide rates tend to increase with age
d) suicide occurs at the beginning of a depressive episode but rarely after the depression lifts and suicide rates tend to increase with age
C) suicide rates tend to increase with age
the fear of death
a) is greatest during middle age
b) is an almost exclusively male phenomenon
c) is the number one psychiatric problem in the geriatric years.
d) surprisingly enough occurs in the teen years.
a) is greatest during middle age
In Freudian theory, attachment is a major factor
a) in the preconscious mind
b) in the mind of the child in latency
c) which evolves primarily during the oral age.
d) a and b
c) which evolves primarily during the oral age.
Rosenthals key rule about medical diagnosis
Always get a medical diagnosis to rule out physical or organic problems before treating a psychological (functional) disorder.
Rosenthals key rule about confidentiality
Respect client confidentiality. However, understand that there are situations where you may need to break confidentiality (e.g., when safety is at risk). Inform clients upfront about these limitations.
How many key rules do howard rosenthal have?
40-44
Rosenthals key rule about informed consent
Clearly outline informed consent information, including freedom of choice, fees, techniques used, and your qualifications. If you lack proper training to address a specific issue, refrain from treating it.
Who Is G Stanley hall?
founder of psychology in the U.S. and the first president of the APA.
What was the focus of G Stanley hall studies?
child and child guidance.
Who were the behaviorist of psychology
Ivan Pavlov
John B Watson
B.F. Skinner
Joseph Wolpe
What is John Locke’s view on knowledge?
Knowledge is acquired through experience. all behavior is a learned result
what are schemas
patterns of thought and behavior
Assimilation occurs
when individuals incorporate new information into their existing schemas (adapting qualitatively)
assimilation is apart of
Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development
accommodations are
when new information is integrated into existing schemas without changing them, accommodation works alongside assimilation,
if a child knows that dogs have four legs and then learns that cats also have four legs, they might initially think all four-legged animals are dogs. When they realize that cats are different from dogs, they adjust their schema to accommodate this new information, creating a separate category for cats. This is an example of
Accomodations
According to Jean Piaget, object permanence
occurs in the sensorimotor stage, It refers to the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible or otherwise detectable by the senses.
if you hide a toy under a blanket, a baby might act as if the toy has disappeared completely. However, once they achieve ___________, they will understand that the toy is still there and will actively search for it
object permanence
When you cover your face with your hands and then reveal it, a baby who hasn’t developed ____________ might think you’ve disappeared and then reappeared
object permanence
According to Jean Piaget, what is centration
the act of focusing on one aspect of something. It is a key factor in the preoperational stage
what are the two stages of conventional level
stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationships
stage 4: Maintaining Social Order
When does abstract scientific thinking occur
in the formal operations stage (age 12 - adulthood)
what are the two stages of postconventional level
stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights
stage 6: Universal Principles
Kegan’s model emphasizes
the impact of interpersonal interaction and our perception
What is the significance of Carol Gilligan’s theory of Moral Development
she debunked kohlbergs findings im her book “ a different voice” explaining that Kohlberg focuses solely on males and females have a sense of caring and compassion.
Daniel Levinson 4 major eras/transitions theory highlights the idea that men change throughout their life span in 4 eras being:
Childhood and adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, and later adulthood
Lev Vygotsky proposed that cognitive development
isn’t a result of innate factors but is produced by activities that take place one’s culture.
According to Lev Vygotsky, zone of proximal development (ZDP)
The difference in the child’s ability to solve problems on his own and his capacity to solve them with some help from others.
According to Freud, what is Libido
the drive and the sexual instinct that is present even at birth
why do other theorist criticize Freud
focusing on sex and not including the entire life span in his theory
Abraham Maslow is known for
his theory of self-actualized people, Maslow believed people rarely reached self-actualization
Maslow is what type of theoerist
Humanist ( Humanistic Psychology)
what is the order of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
- Physiological Needs: Basic survival needs such as air, water, food, shelter, clothing, and sleep.
- Safety Needs: Protection from elements, security, order, law, stability, and freedom from fear.
- Love and Belongingness Needs: Emotional relationships such as friendships, family, and intimacy.
- Esteem Needs: Respect, self-esteem, status, recognition, strength, and freedom.
- Self-Actualization Needs: Realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth, and peak experiences.
Maslow later added a sixth level, self-transcendence, which involves helping others achieve self-actualization and finding a higher purpose beyond oneself.
James W. Fowler’s theory of faith and spiritual development outlines
six stages that individuals typically progress through as they mature in their faith and spirituality.
In order to become self-actualized people must
fulfill their lower-order physiological and safety needs.
William Perry’s theory of intellectual and ethical development in adults/college students focused on
Dualism, Relativism, and commitment to relativism.
According to Diana Baumring’s, what are the 3 types of parenting styles
- Authoritarian Parenting: This style is characterized by high demands and low responsiveness.
- Permissive/Passive/Indulgent Parenting: avoid confrontation, highly responsive but have few demands or controls.
- Authoritative Parenting: high demands with high responsiveness. set clear rules and expectations but also provide warmth, support, and open communication.
According to William Perry, what is Commitment to relativism?
in this final stage, the individual is willing to change his/her opinion based on novel facts or new POVs.
