CPACE Practice Exam Flashcards
What is the Kindergarten Readiness Act of 2010?
A. An amendment to the California Education Code that changed the required birthday for admission to kindergarten and first grade and established a transitional kindergarten program beginning in the 2012-2013 school year.
B. An amendment to the California Education Code that changed the maximum hours kindergarteners could attend school from 4 hours to 5 hours per day.
C. An amendment to the California Education Code requiring that kindergarten classes must have sufficient textbooks or instructional materials for students to use in class and take home.
D. An amendment to the California Education Code requiring incoming kindergartners to take the English Language Proficiency Assessments for California (ELPAC).
A. An amendment to the California Education Code that changed the required birthday for admission to kindergarten and first grade and established a transitional kindergarten program beginning in the 2012-2013 school year.
Of the following arguments, which one does not support schools in allowing students to bring their own devices (BYOD) for use in classroom learning?
A. BYOD affords schools the opportunity to teach appropriate use of technology.
B. BYOD gives students access to eBooks.
C. Teachers will require training to support BYOD.
D. Students are less likely to forget devices than other materials.
C. Teachers will require training to support BYOD.
What is the most important question for a school administrator to ask when considering the adoption of a new discipline policy?
A. Is the discipline policy unbiased to students of all cultures?
B. Is there research supporting the validity of the discipline policy?
C. How does the discipline policy impact student achievement?
D. Does the discipline policy have community opposition?
C. How does the discipline policy impact student achievement?
Which of the following actions would be the best way for a new principal to involve a school’s stakeholders in formulating a shared vision?
A. Speaking with as many faculty and staff members as possible to create their early involvement in the process.
B. Engaging as many community members and employees in the process from the outset so that all may contribute.
C. Asking the Parent Teacher Student Association (PTSA) to draft a preliminary vision statement.
D. Holding a series of parent education meetings where the principal presents the developed vision and goals and answers any questions.
B. Engaging as many community members and employees in the process from the outset so that all may contribute.
I. Specific
II. Measureable
III. Achievable
IV. Relevant
V. Time Frame
Listed above are the elements of the SMART format—a widely used framework for developing goals. Which of these elements provide(s) a way for schools to easily gauge progress toward their vision?
A. I, II, and III
B. II and III
C. II Only
D. I, II, III, IV, and V
D. I, II, III, IV, and V
The ______________ has the authority to adopt policies in any given school district.
A. district board of education
B. state education agency
C. state legislature
D. U.S. Department of Education
A. district board of education
___________ is a form of bias where the school administrator has a preferred alternative and as a result only searches for information that supports this choice.
A. Incrementalizing
B. Bolstering the alternative
C. Heuristics
D. Satisficing
B. Bolstering the alternative
Mr. Orozco is the chair of the special education department in a small, rural junior/senior high school. At his regular bimonthly departmental meetings he presents issues that need to be discussed and decided upon by the department members. These meetings often result in openly hostile verbal exchanges and very rarely are they able to come to a consensus on anything. Mr. Orozco has concluded that he must work on team building if anything is to be accomplished this year. Which of the following should he focus on first?
A. Publicly acknowledging specific contributions that each person has made to the special education department.
B. Holding a potluck dinner at a member’s home to allow the group to build relationships outside of school.
C. Giving each person a copy of his/her job description, bringing special attention to their departmental responsibilities.
D. Creating a shared vision for the department with tangible goals and behavioral norms.
D. Creating a shared vision for the department with tangible goals and behavioral norms.
In Everson v. Board of Education the Supreme court held that public tax money could be used to transport students to religious schools on the basis of the _____________.
A. right of parents to choose how to educate their children
B. First Amendment of the Constitution
C. child benefit theory
D. separation of church and state
C. child benefit theory
The “Parent Empowerment” law (Article 3 of SBX54) allows parents to “trigger” change in their child’s school. If the majority of parents at a school sign a petition they will be given the option of all of the following reforms EXCEPT:
A. They may send their child to another public school.
B. They may convert the existing school into a charter school.
C. They may obtain funding to home-school their child.
D. The child may receive a scholarship to go to a private school.
C. They may obtain funding to home-school their child.
Leading and Learning by Walking Around (LLBWA) is a strategy that involves using short time segments to get out of the office and get a feel for what is going on in a school. What is one benefit of using this method to assess the culture and climate of a school?
A. It helps new students and staff to become familiar with the school administration.
B. It provides an opportunity for holistic observation of school culture and climate.
C. It is a low-key way to make sure that school policies are being enforced.
D. It offers chances to gather information to use in formal teacher evaluations.
B. It provides an opportunity for holistic observation of school culture and climate.
A(n) ___________ is an ideal way that a school can communicate behavioral norms to students by clearly explaining codes of conduct, student rights and responsibilities, unacceptable behavior, and procedures for due process and appeals.
A. school board policy
B. student handbook
C. education code
D. classroom discipline plan
B. student handbook
An important role for principals is that of instructional leader. All of the following are examples of instructional leadership EXCEPT:
A. Attending trainings on the new curriculum teachers in his school will be using.
B. Buying new highlighters to support a newly adopted writing program.
C. Creating a cohesive professional development plan.
D. Directing a campus supervisors’ training for using new school security protocols.
D. Directing a campus supervisors’ training for using new school security protocols.
Each of the following behaviors helps to create a culture of learning EXCEPT:
A. maintaining a joyful climate
B. requiring teachers to use technology as much as possible
C. having high expectations for student achievement
D. maintaining a safe school environment
B. requiring teachers to use technology as much as possible
Classroom management is essential to learning. All of the following support teachers with managing their classrooms EXCEPT:
A. Extinguishing negative behaviors through punishment
B. Proper classroom arrangement
C. Consistent standards across the school
D. Specific, clear classroom routines & procedures
A. Extinguishing negative behaviors through punishment
Summarizing and note taking
Homework and practice
Cooperative learning
Generating and testing hypotheses
According to research, the factors above are all ____________ that positively affect student learning.
A. professional development programs
B. instructional strategies
C. institutional goals
D. planning practices
B. instructional strategies
Which of the following is NOT an attribute of a highly effective teacher?
A. The teacher regularly begins each lesson with review.
B. The teacher uses whole-class instruction most of the time.
C. The teacher has an orderly classroom.
D. The teacher regularly communicates with parents.
B. The teacher uses whole-class instruction most of the time.
_______________ is the step in the clinical supervision process where the teacher takes ownership of the process and decides what should be observed.
A. The Pre-observation Conference
B. The Observation
C. Individual Reflection by Supervisor and Teacher
D. The Post-observation Conference
A. The Pre-observation Conference
Of the following, the best argument for implementing the Common Core State Standards in place of the California Content Standards is that
A. California Content Standards are over a decade old and no longer relevant to today’s students.
B. Common Core State Standards allow for both vertical and horizontal articulation between subjects and grade levels.
C. Common Core State Standards foster 21st Century Skills that provide for lifetime student success.
D. Having all the same standards helps all students get a good education, even if they choose a different school or move to a different state.
C. Common Core State Standards foster 21st Century Skills that provide for lifetime student success.
The 1997 reauthorization of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) introduced important changes in the provision of special education services for students with disabilities. It requires that students with disabilities have access to, involvement in, and progress in the _______________.
A. goals on their IEPs
B. Common Core State Standards (CCSS)
C. school physical education program
D. general curriculum
D. general curriculum
A ___________ is a small learning community within a high school that brings together school and the world of work often engaging students who would otherwise be indifferent to, or possibly even drop out of, school.
A. career academy
B. professional cohort
C. magnet school
D. regional occupational program
A. career academy
Which of the following is an example of systems thinking in practice?
A. The teachers in a high school meet by content area to facilitate long-term curriculum planning.
B. A superintendent meets with representatives from all levels of the educational system to hear their concerns.
C. The seventh grade team in a middle school creates a comprehensive unit of study of the oceans.
D. Community stakeholders are surveyed about their views on the effectiveness of the educational system.
C. The seventh grade team in a middle school creates a comprehensive unit of study of the oceans.
A high school principal is contemplating changing her high school’s current schedule of daily class periods of 45 minutes each to alternating blocks of 90 minutes. According to research, what impact would a change to block scheduling have on teacher behavior and, in turn, student learning?
A. Teachers will have more time to lecture and the students will learn more content.
B. Student achievement will decline because they will miss more when they are absent.
C. Teachers will vary their teaching methods and students will be more engaged.
D. Teachers will have more time for planning and students will have more difficult work.
C. Teachers will vary their teaching methods and students will be more engaged.
Of the following descriptions, which one best describes backward planning?
A. creating district-wide goals to help a district achieve desired results in many areas
B. identifying the content that needs to be mastered, then designing assessments and activities to support student learning
C. disaggregating student data to assess needs, inform and help design future lessons
D. developing activities, lessons, and assessments for specific content
B. identifying the content that needs to be mastered, then designing assessments and activities to support student learning
The school site council at a low performing high school is considering implementing a character education program as a way to address students’ lack of confidence in their own abilities to achieve and be successful. All of the following statements about the impact of character education are supported by research EXCEPT:
A. It reduces risky behaviors such as drug and alcohol abuse.
B. It improves academic achievement.
C. It results in students adopting the same core values.
D. It sharpens moral reasoning and problem-solving skills.
C. It results in students adopting the same core values.
Specialized instructional support personnel (SISP) are a group of professionals that that have a broad set of responsibilities in schools. They provide a wide range of school-based prevention and intervention services that address barriers to educational success, ensure positive conditions for learning, and help all students achieve academically. Which of the following groups listed below are considered SISPs?
I. School Counselors, Psychologists, and Social Workers
II. School Nurses, Speech Pathologists, and Audiologists
III. Art Therapists, Music Therapists, and Dance/Movement Therapists
IV. Occupational Therapists, Physical Therapists, and Behavior Therapists
A. Only I
B. I and II
C. III and IV
D. I, II, III and IV
D. I, II, III and IV
What step in the Change-Model Process involves an organization deciding whether or not to institutionalize an innovation?
A. Initiation
B. Implementation
C. Continuation
D. Outcome
C. Continuation
Karen, a new middle school principal, reviews the student data to prepare for the upcoming year. She notices that the number of English Language Learners (ELs) has experienced a dramatic increase. In an attempt to support her staff in teaching this changing population, Karen offers staff development opportunities to visit other schools with similar demographics and learn new strategies for teaching ELs. When she offers these options she receives feedback along the lines of, “What we’re doing works for us. Thanks for the opportunity, but we’re fine.” What might be the reason for the staff’s apparent resistance?
A. The purpose of the staff development has not been made clear.
B. The present situation seems satisfactory.
C. There is excessive work pressure involved.
D. Karen’s appeal is based on her own personal agenda.
B. The present situation seems satisfactory.
Conducting a needs analysis is a way for schools to identify their strengths and weaknesses. All of the following are reliable sources of information/data EXCEPT:
A. The standardized test scores for the last 3 years.
B. The result of a community perception survey.
C. The complaints most often reported to the principal.
D. Exit interviews with graduates of the school.
C. The complaints most often reported to the principal.
A(n) __________ is anyone who is invested in the success of a school/school system.
A. stakeholder
B. community advocate
C. constituent
D. administrator
A. stakeholder
A school instructional coach uses the results for the state-mandated writing test to evaluate the effectiveness of a new method for teaching writing. To best ensure that the new method is aligned with state standards, a more in-depth analysis of which of the following should occur?
A. The current year of norm-referenced assessments for language arts.
B. Multiple years of results of students who were taught writing using the former method.
C. Multiple years of classroom-level assessment results and district benchmark results.
D. The current year of National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) language arts results.
C. Multiple years of classroom-level assessment results and district benchmark results.
Which of the following is the most important reason for putting systems in place for monitoring and revising school programs, plans and opportunities?
A. ESSA requires a monitoring and revising system as part of any school improvement plan.
B. The school community can quickly identify discrepancies between current and desired outcomes.
C. All strategic plans include a monitoring and revising system as an integral part of the plan.
D. Monitoring and revising systems help schools decide whether to continue a program, plan or activity.
B. The school community can quickly identify discrepancies between current and desired outcomes.
All of the following are examples of institutional bias EXCEPT:
A. “Cyber-bullying” between an 8th grader and a 6th grader in a middle school.
B. Utilizing assessments that are proven to be biased against students from a certain cultural minority group.
C. Not allowing a homosexual student to bring a date to the school dance.
D. Requiring a severely obese student to meet the same requirements as other students to pass a physical education class.
A. “Cyber-bullying” between an 8th grader and a 6th grader in a middle school.
Increasing funding for early childhood education
Providing access to a rigorous and engaging curriculum
Enhancing access to colleges and universities
Providing quality health care
Expanding access to libraries and the internet
Supporting housing policies that integrate and diversify communities
Research has shown that taking the above actions, as well as others, can help solve what crucial educational issue?
A. Widespread discrimination in higher education admissions
B. U.S. students’ achievement falling farther behind other industrialized nations
C. The opportunity and achievement gap
D. Increased racial and socioeconomic isolation
C. The opportunity and achievement gap
Which of the following are considered to be special populations as defined by the Carl D. Perkins Career and Technical Education Improvement Act of 2006 (Perkins IV)?
I. Individuals with disabilities
II. Students with Limited English Proficiency
III. Students from a minority religious group
IV. Displaced homemakers
A. I, II and III
B. I and IV
C. I, II, and IV
D. I and II
C. I, II, and IV
You are a principal at a comprehensive high school. One of your teachers has sought your support in differentiating a lesson to meet the needs of a student with autism in her class. What is the first task you and the teacher should perform before beginning the process?
A. reviewing the student’s Individualized Education Plan (IEP)
B. surveying the student to find out his preferences
C. scheduling an IEP Meeting with the parents and support staff
D. consulting the student’s case carrier for advice
A. reviewing the student’s Individualized Education Plan (IEP)
Which of the following examples of technology use would best help a school administrator to increase his efficiency?
A. Creating digital recordings of teacher evaluations to review later
B. Mandating the use of digital resources rather than traditional texts
C. Using PowerPoint Presentations during parent meetings
D. Entering observation data and other notes into a mobile device
D. Entering observation data and other notes into a mobile device
An administrative team that employs a problem-solving model to address overrepresentation of students from a particular cultural background in special education programs would initiate their efforts to address the issue by analyzing:
A. assessment instruments used to evaluate students for special education services
B. student performance expectations associated with the local curriculum
C. interventions utilized with students in the general education classroom prior to referral to special education
D. procedures currently employed to determine grade level placement
C. interventions utilized with students in the general education classroom prior to referral to special education
Research has shown that the primary purpose of having educators regularly engage in activities that result in professional growth is to:
A. identify the most efficient and effective way to educate instructional staff.
B. develop educators’ skills and knowledge to improve student achievement.
C. implement needed improvements to achieve school-site and district goals.
D. create solutions to persistent and pervasive school-based challenges.
B. develop educators’ skills and knowledge to improve student achievement.
One way education leaders can promote continuous professional growth is to support teachers in creating a personal professional growth plan. What is the greatest benefit for teachers who have such a plan?
A. The plan provides a point of reference to measure against throughout the year.
B. The plan supports teachers in taking ownership of their own professional growth.
C. The plan gives supervisors more information to use during teachers’ evaluations.
D. The plan protects teachers from future disciplinary actions if problems arise.
B. The plan supports teachers in taking ownership of their own professional growth.
Driven by desired results
Focused on specific standards
Collaborative by design
Integrated into school and classroom planning
Linked to best practices in day-to-day work
The descriptions above are characteristics of effective_____________.
A. long-range planning
B. curriculum development and revision
C. professional development programs
D. teacher supervision
C. professional development programs
In order for professional learning communities (PLCs) to be successful, educational leaders must provide staff members with tangible support that demonstrates that collaborative work is actually an important part of school culture. Which of the following is an example of tangible support?
A. The principal places collaborative time at the end of the faculty meeting agenda.
B. The principal attends trainings with staff members.
C. The principal posts a written list of behavioral norms in a prominent place.
D. Staff members are required to submit detailed minutes of their PLC time.
B. The principal attends trainings with staff members.
Do teachers respect one another’s dignity and ideas?
Do teachers have a high level of personal regard for one another both personally and professionally?
Do teachers believe their colleagues are competent and willing to perform their jobs effectively?
Can teachers count on each other to keep their word?
A new principal can use the preceding questions to assist her in identifying and assessing the level of ________ amongst her teaching staff.
A. openness
B. trust
C. competitiveness
D. satisfaction
B. trust
Which of the following teachers would probably have the highest tolerance for taking risks?
A. A teacher who frequently collaborates with colleagues.
B. A veteran teacher who refers to his classroom as his “kingdom.”
C. A novice sixth grade teacher who is part of a 6th grade teaching cohort.
D. A former “teacher of the year” who is teaching an unfamiliar grade level in a new school.
A. A teacher who frequently collaborates with colleagues.
What would be the most objective way for a principal to allocate funds for individual teacher professional development?
A. Use a first-come first-served policy.
B. Use criteria formulated by a committee of teachers.
C. Use an application process where teachers demonstrate a compelling need.
D. Use teachers’ performance evaluations to determine need.
B. Use criteria formulated by a committee of teachers.
At a school site council meeting many parents expressed a concern that many new teachers have left the school in recent years. When examining the statistics, the principal notices that a high percentage of probationary teachers leave voluntarily before obtaining permanent status. What is the first step that should be taken in designing a program to retain these teachers?
A. Surveying all parents to see if this is truly a real concern.
B. Interviewing the longest serving teachers about what they think is the true cause of this phenomenon.
C. Conducting research on state and national trends in new teacher turn-over.
D. Contacting probationary teachers who have moved on to other schools and finding out what caused them to leave.
D. Contacting probationary teachers who have moved on to other schools and finding out what caused them to leave.
An elementary school principal has six (6) first and second year teachers on his instructional staff. As participating teachers (PTs) in the California Teachers Induction Program (CTIP), each of these teachers has been assigned a support provider (SP) from the school’s experienced teaching staff. What action could the principal take to maximize the effectiveness of the support providers in mentoring these novice teachers?
A. Allocating an instructional coach and administrator to each new teacher.
B. Utilizing staff development funds to give the support providers more release time.
C. Providing opportunities for teachers other than the support provider to mentor the novice teachers.
D. Re-assigning all of the participating teachers to a single support provider.
C. Providing opportunities for teachers other than the support provider to mentor the novice teachers.
All of the following are ways that technology can be used to support teacher professional development EXCEPT:
A. Installing interactive white boards in every classroom.
B. Providing free online training and tutorials.
C. Using video-conferencing to work with teachers at other school sites.
D. Creating an on-line professional portfolio to track progress in individual growth.
A. Installing interactive white boards in every classroom.
The chief reason that school administrators should create time for staff development within the school day is ______________.
A. it saves money that could be spent on other things such as instructional materials.
B. it is more positively received by the public and convenient for parents and guardians.
C. it allows for teacher support, collaboration and trying new skills in context.
D. teachers resent using personal time for professional growth.
C. it allows for teacher support, collaboration and trying new skills in context.
The California Public Employees Relations Board (PERB) has the authority to ______________.
A. enforce collective bargaining agreements of labor unions
B. grant punitive damages to prevailing parties in disputes
C. issue orders to accomplish the purposes and policies of the statutes it administers
D. resolve pay and overtime issues for public sector employees
C. issue orders to accomplish the purposes and policies of the statutes it administers
The function of the Human Resources Department in a school district would ordinarily NOT include which of the following?
A. Observing and assessing student learning.
B. Recruiting new teachers and support staff.
C. Organizing staff development trainings.
D. Maintaining records on teachers’ credential status.
A. Observing and assessing student learning.
All of the following factors have been cited as impacting teacher retention EXCEPT:
A. lack of administrative support
B. lack of adequate teacher compensation
C. lack of affordable housing within the district
D. lack of adequate preparation
C. lack of affordable housing within the district
The Title IX portion of the Education Amendments of 1972 addresses sex discrimination in which of the following educational activities?
I. School Athletics
II. School Band
III. School Fraternities and Sororities
IV. Academic classes
A. Only I
B. I and II
C. III and IV
D. I, II, and IV
D. I, II, and IV
Laws such as the one set forth in Proposition 187 that deny educational rights to undocumented students are deemed unconstitutional and unenforceable because they violate ______________.
A. the Free Exercise Clause of First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
B. the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
C. the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
D. the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
C. the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
Public school funding is the largest portion of the California State Budget. As a result it receives more than _____ of the state’s General Fund resources.
A. 20%
B. 30%
C. 40%
D. 50%
C. 40%
In determining the resources that the district will need to provide during the next fiscal year for a school’s Special Education program, leaders should first:
A. Evaluate the success of the program in creating the Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) for the participating students.
B. Reexamine the amount that was allocated to the program during the previous fiscal year.
C. Calculate the resources needed for other programs at the school to remain at their current level.
D. Review state and federal mandates for the program, as well as how much categorical aid will be provided to meet those mandates.
D. Review state and federal mandates for the program, as well as how much categorical aid will be provided to meet those mandates.
All of the following statements about school district budget planning are true EXCEPT:
A. Revenues are largely determined by the state based on the number of students living in the district.
B. Personnel costs dominate district expenditure decisions.
C. Districts are expected to remain fiscally solvent.
D. Budget development is an ongoing public process.
A. Revenues are largely determined by the state based on the number of students living in the district.
What is the purpose of school districts having outside experts such as certified public accountant (CPA) firms or bank examiners perform an external audit?
A. To prepare the school district’s financial reports that must be submitted to the State Superintendent of Schools.
B. To verify that the district has followed generally accepted financial principles and applied them correctly when preparing its own financial statements.
C. To prepare the paperwork necessary for the school to report its financial dealings to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS).
D. To ensure that the district is following state regulations and in turn maintaining the funding needed to operate the district.
B. To verify that the district has followed generally accepted financial principles and applied them correctly when preparing its own financial statements.
An “acceptable use policy” is created by school districts to regulate
A. how the community is allowed to utilize school facilities.
B. the operating procedures for school libraries.
C. the expected behavior of anyone using the district’s technology.
D. how students use school-issued textbooks and supplies.
C. the expected behavior of anyone using the district’s technology.
During a random search, administrators find small cellophane bags containing a variety of prescription pills in a student’s P.E. locker. According to the school handbook, one of the consequences is a ten-day suspension from school. In accordance with the Goss v. Lopez decision by the U.S. Supreme Court, school leaders are obligated to do which of the following before imposing a suspension?
A. Submit a detailed report about the way the locker search was conducted.
B. Provide the student a juvenile-court system attorney free of cost.
C. Arrange for a hearing where all sides, including the student’s, have an opportunity to be heard.
D. Prepare a comprehensive independent study packet for the work the student will miss.
C. Arrange for a hearing where all sides, including the student’s, have an opportunity to be heard.
A school leader would like the community to better understand the implications of the shift to Common Core State Standards (CCSS). Which of the following techniques most effectively communicates this information to the public?
A. Publishing the results of a survey asking the public what they know about CCSS.
B. Contributing to a series of brief articles in the local newspaper about CCSS.
C. Placing a “Frequently Asked Questions about CCSS” link on the school’s web site.
D. Scheduling town hall meetings for interested parties to learn more about the CCSS.
B. Contributing to a series of brief articles in the local newspaper about CCSS.
The PTSA (Parent Teacher Student Association) at an elementary school invites the new principal to attend an open forum meeting. Prior to attending, the principal hears from several different sources that the PTSA has a history of poor relationships with the school’s administration. Further investigation reveals that the association’s leadership has undermined proposals made by previous principals. At the meeting, the principal should
A. listen intently to all speakers and note recurring subjects or a common thread in the dialogue.
B. dominate the discussion by aggressively putting forth her agenda.
C. give compliments to the group and look for frequent opportunities during the meeting to affirm its importance.
D. prepare to make a quick exit if any part of the gathering becomes tense or otherwise uncomfortable.
A. listen intently to all speakers and note recurring subjects or a common thread in the dialogue.
A principal in a suburban elementary school would like to reduce the amount of gossip and incorrect information that seems to abound around any significant school issue. What action listed below would best assist her in achieving this goal?
A. Conducting an investigation to discover the chief culprits in the spreading of rumors.
B. Sending out a monthly newsletter so people have a consistent source of trustworthy information.
C. Assigning a staff member the job of spokesperson so that people know who to consult when questions arise.
D. Releasing as much information as possible, within legal constraints, as soon as issues arise.
D. Releasing as much information as possible, within legal constraints, as soon as issues arise.
- Inviting the community to open house and other school events
- Highlighting community events and achievements in school newsletters
- Interacting with civic organizations
- Attending community events that aren’t school-related
- Using social media as a tool for authentic engagement
The strategies above are actions that a principal can take to ______________.
A. meet ESSA community engagement requirements
B. improve her reputation in the local community
C. facilitate proactive community engagement
D. engage the local media in a positive dialogue
C. facilitate proactive community engagement
An elementary school with a diverse population has formed a school advisory committee to support the school in achieving its goals. Which of the following behaviors by members of this committee should be of greatest concern to the principal?
A. During meetings, several committee members consistently ignore or ridicule comments and suggestions from parents on the committee who require a translator.
B. Two very vocal members of the committee have conflicting political views and often openly disagree on how to address certain issues.
C. Some of the older members of the committee have difficulty staying on topic when discussing issues with other members of the team.
D. Some members of the committee seem uncomfortable expressing their views at meetings where many people are present.
A. During meetings, several committee members consistently ignore or ridicule comments and suggestions from parents on the committee who require a translator.
A school principal wants to improve attendance at parent-teacher conferences. After surveying stakeholders, she finds that a large number of parents cannot attend because of work commitments at a local car manufacturing plant. Which of the following solutions for this problem best utilizes family and community partnerships?
A. Excusing these parents from parent-teacher conferences.
B. Holding parent-teacher conferences in a room at the manufacturing plant.
C. Setting up phone conferences with individual parents.
D. Providing translators and child care during conference hours.
B. Holding parent-teacher conferences in a room at the manufacturing plant.
A principal in a large middle school would like to access additional resources to support her school in achieving its vision of achievement for all students. What action listed below would best assist her in achieving this goal?
A. Conducting a public relations campaign informing the community of the vision and asking for donations.
B. Holding a substantial fundraising event involving all community stakeholders.
C. Performing extensive internet searches on alternative sources of funding for schools.
D. Giving release time and funding to instructional and support staff who are willing to learn and use effective grant writing techniques.
D. Giving release time and funding to instructional and support staff who are willing to learn and use effective grant writing techniques.
A middle school principal wishes to support incoming 6th graders in having a seamless transition from elementary school to middle school. He meets with the principals of his “feeder” elementary schools and they decide to engage in joint professional development for the instructional staff at their respective schools. Which of the following support structures will best meet their needs?
A. Lesson Study Teams
B. Collaborative Cohorts
C. Professional Learning Communities
D. Vertical Teaming
D. Vertical Teaming
Which of the following is the most crucial question to consider in utilizing the services of various community agencies?
A. Are the provided services equally accessible to all students?
B. Do the services the community agency provides support the goals of the school?
C. Is interaction with the community agency controversial?
D. How have other schools utilized the services of the community agency?
B. Do the services the community agency provides support the goals of the school?
How does the integration of programs and services make more funding available for schools to use to meet students’ needs?
A. The federal government automatically provides matching funds to schools that work together with other community organizations.
B. Saved categorical funds such as those from Title I and the School Lunch program can be redirected to other programs as needed.
C. Money saved by joint purchasing and streamlining administration can be used to fund innovations.
D. Privately funded grants are provided to any community that can demonstrate successful integration of programs and services.
C. Money saved by joint purchasing and streamlining administration can be used to fund innovations.
In a school district where students from particular cultural and linguistic backgrounds are
significantly overrepresented in special education programs, educational leaders can best initiate
efforts to address the issue by analyzing:
A. assessment instruments used to evaluate students for special educational needs.
B. the local curriculum and associated student performance expectations.
C. instructional strategies used with students who have been referred for special education.
D. the placement procedures currently used to determine students’ grade levels.
C. arrange for an impartial hearing to listen to the student’s side of the story
In a time of reduced school funding, educational leaders can best help ensure that sufficient
resources are available to achieve a school’s vision and goals for all student groups by
emphasizing which of the following approaches?
A. using student performance data to identify areas of greatest weakness and making those
areas a priority in terms of resource allocation
B. soliciting views about budget priorities from a broad range of stakeholders and allocating
resources based on level of stakeholder support
C. applying a formula for distributing resources that ensures equal allocations for each school
program and student population
D. using budgets from the previous year as a basis for guiding decisions about resource
allocations for each subsequent budget
A. using student performance data to identify areas of greatest weakness and making those
areas a priority in terms of resource allocation
Staff at a middle school are ready to implement instructional changes designed to improve
students’ mathematics achievement. In planning these changes, the school leader has guided
staff in a review of current research on mathematics instruction and an examination of students’
mathematics performance for the last three years. The leader can best ensure that the planned
changes will lead to improved student achievement by prompting staff to take which of the
following additional actions?
A. outlining steps for phasing in the instructional changes with one subgroup of students at a
time
B. communicating the rationale for the instructional changes to students and their families
C. seeking individual professional development as needed to prepare for the instructional
changes
D. developing a plan for assessing student improvement during and following the instructional
changes
D. developing a plan for assessing student improvement during and following the instructional
changes
One goal at an elementary school is to create a climate that reflects a commitment to the belief
that all children can learn and achieve success. School leaders can best support achievement of
this goal by emphasizing to teachers the value of which of the following classroom practices?
A. engaging students in team academic competitions
B. using a variety of grouping strategies for activities
C. surveying students regularly about their interests
D. differentiating standards used to evaluate student work
B. using a variety of grouping strategies for activities
In which of the following situations would peer coaching be the most appropriate professional
development strategy for a school leader to use?
A. Teachers as a group wish to learn more about the benefits and limitations of a particular
instructional strategy.
B. Teachers have identified a problem in a specific area of instruction and are ready to develop
a plan to address the need.
C. Teachers from several schools in the district have been reassigned to teach at a newly built
school.
D. Teachers have received training on a new instructional strategy and are ready to implement
it in their classrooms.
D. Teachers have received training on a new instructional strategy and are ready to implement
it in their classrooms.
Which of the following factors is likely to be most important in determining a school’s ability to
establish a strong professional culture that encourages continuous staff learning and growth?
A. availability of high-quality professional development resources
B. teacher performance ratings and how the ratings are distributed
C. actions and attitudes of the principal and other school leaders
D. decision making regarding the use of available school funds
C. actions and attitudes of the principal and other school leaders
A new leader takes over at a school that has been characterized in recent years by very high
teacher turnover among probationary teachers, with many leaving voluntarily by the end of their
probationary period. The leader and the school site council wish to design a program of
enhanced support for probationary teachers. Which of the following would be the most useful
first step for the group to take in designing this program?
A. surveying permanent teaching staff about the difficulties that they faced as probationary
teachers
B. conducting extensive exit interviews with probationary teachers who have recently left
C. reviewing current literature about the best ways to provide support to new teachers
D. distributing a survey about conditions at the school to all parents/guardians and other
stakeholders
B. conducting extensive exit interviews with probationary teachers who have recently left
- As part of a crisis response plan, educational leaders at a school have established a command
and control structure that identifies those individuals who are charged with directing the response
to a crisis. To maximize the effectiveness of this system, it would be most important to ensure
that:
A. responsibilities of each individual in the command and control structure are clearly defined in
advance for a variety of crisis situations.
B. each individual in the command and control structure reports to at least two other individuals
in the structure during a crisis.
C. overall leadership of the command and control structure during a crisis is spread among
several individuals in the structure.
D. membership of the command and control structure is drawn from the longest-serving staff
who are most familiar with school operations.
A. responsibilities of each individual in the command and control structure are clearly defined in
advance for a variety of crisis situations.
In determining the resources that the district will need to provide during the next fiscal year for a
school’s English learner program, educational leaders should first:
A. evaluate the success of the program in developing English language skills of participating
students.
B. calculate the proportion of total district revenues that was allocated to the program during the
previous fiscal year.
C. project the resources needed to maintain other programs at the school at their current levels
of funding.
D. identify state and federal mandates for the program and calculate the resources required to
meet those mandates.
D. identify state and federal mandates for the program and calculate the resources required to
meet those mandates.
Which of the following behaviors by members of a high school’s school site council should be of
greatest concern to educational leaders at the school?
A. Some members of the council are more reserved than others and are less comfortable
expressing their views in front of other members.
B. Several members of the instructional staff who are on the council often dismiss comments
and suggestions by noninstructional staff and parents/guardians.
C. Two members of the council hold very different political and social views and often differ
about the best way to proceed in dealing with particular issues.
D. Certain members of the council have difficulty staying on topic when discussing issues with
other members of the team.
B. Several members of the instructional staff who are on the council often dismiss comments
and suggestions by noninstructional staff and parents/guardians.
In a time of reduced school funding, educational leaders can best help ensure that sufficient
resources are available to achieve a school’s vision and goals for all student groups by
emphasizing which of the following approaches?
A. using student performance data to identify areas of greatest weakness and making those
areas a priority in terms of resource allocation
B. soliciting views about budget priorities from a broad range of stakeholders and allocating
resources based on level of stakeholder support
C. applying a formula for distributing resources that ensures equal allocations for each school
program and student population
D. using budgets from the previous year as a basis for guiding decisions about resource
allocations for each subsequent budget
A. using student performance data to identify areas of greatest weakness and making those
areas a priority in terms of resource allocation
In a school district where students from particular cultural and language backgrounds are
significantly overrepresented in special education programs, educational leaders can best initiate
efforts to address the issue by analyzing:
A. assessment instruments used to evaluate students for special educational needs.
B. the local curriculum and associated student performance expectations.
C. instructional strategies used with students prior to their referral for special education.
D. the placement procedures currently used to determine students’ grade levels.
C. instructional strategies used with students prior to their referral for special education.
Staff at a middle school are ready to implement instructional changes designed to improve
students’ math achievement. In planning these changes, the school leader has guided staff in a
review of current research on math instruction and an examination of students’ math performance
for the last three years. The leader can best ensure that the planned changes achieve the
desired results by prompting staff to take which of the following additional actions?
A. outlining steps for phasing in the instructional changes with one subgroup of students at a
time
B. communicating the rationale for the instructional changes to students and their families
C. seeking individual professional development as needed to prepare for the instructional
changes
D. developing a plan for assessing student improvement during and following the instructional
changes
D. developing a plan for assessing student improvement during and following the instructional
changes
One goal at an elementary school is to create a climate that reflects a
commitment to the belief
that all children can learn and achieve success. School leaders can best support achievement of
this goal by emphasizing to teachers the value of which of the following classroom practices?
A. engaging students in team academic competitions
B. using a variety of grouping strategies for activities
C. surveying students regularly about their interests
D. differentiating standards used to evaluate student work
B. using a variety of grouping strategies for activities
In which of the following situations would peer coaching be the most appropriate professional
development strategy for a school leader to use?
A. Teachers as a group wish to learn more about the benefits and limitations of a particular
instructional strategy.
B. Teachers have identified a problem in a specific area of instruction and are ready to develop
a plan to address the need.
C. Teachers from several schools in the district have been reassigned to teach at a newly built
school.
D. Teachers have received training on a new instructional strategy and are ready to implement
it in their classrooms.
D. Teachers have received training on a new instructional strategy and are ready to implement
it in their classrooms.
Which of the following behaviors by members of a high school’s school site council should be of
greatest concern to educational leaders at the school?
A. Some members of the council are more reserved than others and are less comfortable
expressing their views in front of other members.
B. Several members of the instructional staff who are on the council often dismiss comments
and suggestions by noninstructional staff and parents/guardians.
C. Two members of the council hold very different political and social views and often differ
about the best way to proceed in dealing with particular issues.
D. Certain members of the council have difficulty staying on topic when discussing issues with
other members of the team.
B. Several members of the instructional staff who are on the council often dismiss comments
and suggestions by noninstructional staff and parents/guardians.
A new leader takes over at a school that has been characterized in recent years by very high
teacher turnover among probationary teachers, with many leaving voluntarily by the end of their
probationary period. The leader and the school site council wish to design a program of
enhanced support for probationary teachers. Which of the following would be the most useful
first step for the group to take in designing this program?
A. surveying permanent teaching staff about the difficulties that they faced as probationary
teachers
B. conducting extensive exit interviews with probationary teachers who have recently left
C. reviewing current literature about the best ways to provide support to new teachers
D. distributing a survey about conditions at the school to all parents/guardians and other
stakeholders
B. conducting extensive exit interviews with probationary teachers who have recently left
As part of a crisis response plan, educational leaders at a school have established a command
and control structure that identifies those individuals who are charged with directing the response
to a crisis. To maximize the effectiveness of this system, it would be most important to ensure
that:
A. responsibilities of each individual in the command and control structure are clearly defined in
advance for a variety of crisis situations.
B. each individual in the command and control structure reports to at least two other individuals
in the structure during a crisis.
C. overall leadership of the command and control structure during a crisis is spread among
several individuals in the structure.
D. membership of the command and control structure is drawn from the longest-serving staff
who are most familiar with school operations.
A. responsibilities of each individual in the command and control structure are clearly defined in
advance for a variety of crisis situations.
In determining the resources that the district will need to provide during the next fiscal year for a
school’s English Learner program, educational leaders should first:
A. evaluate the success of the program in developing English language skills of participating
students.
B. calculate the proportion of total district revenues that was allocated to the program during the
previous fiscal year.
C. project the resources needed to maintain other programs at the school at their current levels
of funding.
D. identify state and federal mandates for the program and the amount of categorical aid
provided for meeting those mandates.
D. identify state and federal mandates for the program and the amount of categorical aid
provided for meeting those mandates.
Administrators find marijuana in a student’s school locker. The student handbook indicates that
the consequences include a ten-day suspension from school. In accordance with the Goss v.
Lopez decision by the U.S. Supreme Court, school leaders are obligated to do which of the
following before imposing a suspension?
A review and document the manner in which the locker search was conducted
B. provide the student with legal advice through the state’s juvenile court system
C. arrange for an impartial hearing to listen to the student’s side of the story
D. demonstrate that the disciplinary action has been applied in a nondiscriminatory manner
C. arrange for an impartial hearing to listen to the student’s side of the story
What does the school board do?
- interprets federal and state standards, regulations and existing policies.
- makes sure the school districts are in compliance with them.
- hires the superintendents and monitors the superintendents’ performance, especially when the superintendent gives oversight to the schools to make sure the leaders are advocating for the rights of the students and following the mission and values of the school.
- solicits the input of the superintendents in order to make sound decisions
- comes up with the salaries and establishes the policies for hiring employees, including teachers and paraprofessionals.
- approves the school budgets and gives the superintendents the authority to implement and manage the budget and administrative activities for the school district.
- helps get resources for the school if needed.
- approves plans and participates in the design of new school constructions and school renovations.
Who is John Dewey?
Social theorist - education was a key to improving society. Father of American Education. Believed that learning is active, messy and also has as its foundation philosophy. The philosophy is what drives the outcomes and the procedures for the school and the learning of the student.
What is a formative assessment?
An approach that is used to evaluate the teacher’s performance. done while the teacher is instructing. The evaluator assesses the teacher’s instructional strategies. Also, the evaluator determines if the teacher is instructing the students based on the curriculum content which is tied to the goals the school has created.
When must an admin review a teacher performance eval?
The administrator must review any type of performance evaluation with the teacher. A copy of the evaluation is always kept in the teacher’s personnel file. Also, the teacher receives a copy of the performance evaluation.
What are transition services?
Transition services are geared towards sped students who are 16 years of age and have a disability. Schools must offer programs to these students to help them determine and plan steps that will help them gain success after they leave school.
What is Due Process?
Due process is a basic human right for all. In addition to being found in the 14th amendment, it is addressed in the 5th amendment
What are some questions on a teacher’s self-evaluation form?
Questions that you include on the teachers self-evaluation form can range from many areas such as questions regarding the atmosphere in the classroom, the activities that are carried out in the classroom, the teachers professional involvement, traits and activities and generalized questions to assess what the teacher sees as areas of improvement or allow them to write out goals and responsibilities that have been taken to demonstrate achievement and competency as a teacher.
What are Incremental Budgets?
- One of the more frequent types of budgets that schools use is an incremental budget.
- the budget for the current year is started from the budget from the previous year where the school can either add or subtract income and expenditures, which can include carryover funds.
- the school does not have to justify all expenditures before they are prioritized and included in the budget as with a zero based budget.
- based on the previous year’s budget with fixed percentages factored in to allow for expenditure growths.
A systematic approach
A systematic approach is best for learning about many things, human behavior in particular. This approach combines observational and analysis to reach a conclusion. This can include theories that may be tested but the overarching technique is systematic.
The Expectancy theory
defines motivation in terms of valences and instrumentality. Valence is internal motivation, which is affected by the external instrumentality.
Joseph Murphy
- concluded that effective schools had principles that focused on learning ability, ways to assess outcomes, school responsibility, and establishing a connection with the community.
- all students had the ability to learn. - The key to learning was to identify each student’s skills and provide opportunities for them to learn based on their skills.
- schools needed to develop learning outcomes for the students and then continuously measure these outcomes to track progress.
- schools had a responsibility to help students learn and realize that learning was not just the responsibility of the students.
Marzano
- developed categories to guide instruction.
- Marzano’s principles serve as a foundation for curriculum design and for instructional strategies.
- nine principles have impacted learning and produced positive student achievement.
(1) identifying similarities and differences, (2) homework and practice, (3) setting objectives and providing feedback, (4) summarizing and note taking, (5) nonlinguistic representation, (6) generating and testing hypotheses, (7) reinforcing effort and providing recognition, (8) cooperative learning, and (9) using questions, cues and advanced organizers.
Constructivist theory
- stresses active involvement in learning. For example, instead of just reading about Civil War battles, students imagine they are soldiers, and they have to discover what soldiers wore and ate and how they prepared for battle.
Disadvantage of stanine scores
Two test results assigned the same stanine score may be farther apart than two test results assigned different stanine scores. A stanine is a type of scaled score ranging from 9 to 1. Stanine scores are usually described as above average (9, 8, 7), average (6, 5, 4), and below average (3, 2, 1). Since each stanine represents a range of test scores, two test results assigned the same stanine score may be farther apart than two test results assigned different stanine scores.
Centralized budget
A budget that is controlled by the main district administrative office and distributed equally
Program budget
A budget that considers the funds for a specific service, only
Priority based budget
A budget that is based upon prioritized goals
Performance-based budget
A budget that is based upon the school’s mission statement and goals.
Calhoun and Sagor
there is a 5-step process when it comes to leaders conducting action research. The steps are as follows:
Step 1:Choose the area of study
Step 2: Collect data
Step 3: Organize data
Step 4: Analyze, interpret and report data
Step 5: Create an action plan
Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy
People have basic needs that need to be addressed before they can self actualize Abraham Maslow identified those needs as food, shelter, and safety.
Frederick Herzberg’s Heirarchy
identified working conditions, job security and job status as basic needs. Managers set up work places to satisfy these needs for their employees in order to encourage them to self actualize and develop.
Bloom’s Taxonomy
(1) Knowledge - find out/remember
(2) Comprehension - understand
(3) Application - use
(4) Analysis - take part
(5) Synthesis - create new
(6) Evaluation - judge
pacesetting leader
expects and models excellence and self-direction. “Do as I do, now.” works best when the team is already motivated and skilled, and the leader needs quick results. Used extensively, however, this style can overwhelm team members and squelch innovation.
authoritative leader
mobilizes the team toward a common vision and focuses on end goals, leaving the means up to each individual. “Come with me.” works best when the team needs a new vision because circumstances have changed, or when explicit guidance is not required. Authoritative leaders inspire an entrepreneurial spirit and vibrant enthusiasm for the mission. It is not the best fit when the leader is working with a team of experts who know more than him or her.
affiliative leader
works to create emotional bonds that bring a feeling of bonding and belonging to the organization. “People come first.” works best in times of stress, when teammates need to heal from a trauma, or when the team needs to rebuild trust. This style should not be used exclusively, because a sole reliance on praise and nurturing can foster mediocre performance and a lack of direction.
coaching leader
develops people for the future. “Try this.” The coaching style works best when the leader wants to help teammates build lasting personal strengths that make them more successful overall. It is least effective when teammates are defiant and unwilling to change or learn, or if the leader lacks proficiency.
coercive leader
demands immediate compliance. “Do what I tell you.” most effective in times of crisis, such as in a company turnaround or a takeover attempt, or during an actual emergency like a tornado or a fire. This style can also help control a problem teammate when everything else has failed. However, it should be avoided in almost every other case because it can alienate people and stifle flexibility and inventiveness.
democratic leader
builds consensus through participation. “What do you think?” most effective when the leader needs the team to buy into or have ownership of a decision, plan, or goal, or if he or she is uncertain and needs fresh ideas from qualified teammates. It is not the best choice in an emergency situation, when time is of the essence for another reason or when teammates are not informed enough to offer sufficient guidance to the leader.
characteristics of a change agent
is always challenging complacency and looking for new ways to do things, even if the outcome of these efforts is uncertain. Managing day-to-day operations is not one of the functions of a change agent.
Characteristics of Effective Schools
Ronald Edmonds, identified the following characteristics of effective schools: (1) leaders who are strong (2) established expectations (3) an orderly school environment that is not rigid (4) communication, especially explaining expectations to the students (5) using a variety of resources when needed to keep up with school priorities (6) establishing ways to measure achievement of the teacher and the students.
PLC assumptions
the core mission of education is not simply to ensure that students are taught but to ensure that they learn. In evaluating an educational program, advocates of PLCs focus on what students are actually learning rather than on the program itself.
formative assessment
collects data through daily ongoing lessons in order to measure a student’s achievement.
norm-referenced assessment
a standardized test used to compare students.
observation assessment
informal assessment of students interacting with the environment on a regular school day.
IQ Tests
measure cognitive behaviors, learning abilities and intellectual capacity
curriculum development process
three main phases: planning, implementing and assessing
Language Assessment Scales
One tool that is designed to screen, evaluate and identify students who are English Language Learners is a standardized test known as the Language Assessment Scales (LAS). Further, some schools use this assessment tool to comply with the No Child Left Behind Act.
Divergent Thinking
creative, imaginative, and flexible thinking
Uniform Complaint Procedure
Parents have a right to complain if: insufficiency of instructional materials; facilities pose a threat to health and safety; teacher lacks appropriate authorization
Span of Control
The ability of one individual to supervise a number of other people or units. The normal range is three to seven units or individuals, with the ideal being five.
affective feelings
feelings, values, and appreciation
open school climate
is characterized by teacher relations that are professional, collegial, friendly, and committed to the education of students.The principal is supportive, professional, and does not restrict or direct teachers with orders
Determining vision and goals for teaching and learning
Analyze information and data
* Implement with measurable expectations
* Align to school, local, state, and federal polices and guidelines
* Formulate critical questions to guide and inform stakeholders
Sharing a commitment to implement vision and goals
Seek diverse perspectives
* Build consensus among stakeholders
* Assess and monitor progress
* Communication strategies for particular stakeholders
Creating continuous improvement toward vision and goals
- Use multiple sources of data to analyze needs and ID areas of improvement
- ID strategies for facilitating change
- ID strategies for engaging stakeholders
- Develop processes to monitor progress
Lau v. Nichols
The failure of SF schools to provide English-language instruction to students who do not speak English and denies them a meaningful opportunity to participate in the public education program
- Students must be taught in a language that they understand.
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
prohibits direct discrimination and retaliation for filing complaints on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin
Title I of the Elementary and
Secondary Education Act of 1965
Federal funding to provide compensatory education to disadvantaged students
Title III of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965
refers to language instruction of immigrant students and students with limited English proficiency
Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972
prohibits educational institutions receiving federal assistance from discriminating on the basis of sex
decentralized education
education is controlled and organized at the state and local levels
Title IV, 1964
prohibits intentional discrimination in the context of race, color, or national origin in federally assisted programs
due process
a hearing
* timely notice of the hearing
* representation at the hearing
* a list of charges
* opportunity to respond to the charges
Criterion-referenced tests
provide data on the achievement of specified programs objectives
new public management (NPM)
management techniques from the private sector to public entities, resulting in practices such as increasing outsourcing of services, relying on private rather than public funding, and favoring business experts rather than educators to manage school districts
scope of collective bargaining agreements
School boards and teacher unions cannot use their locally granted authority to override federal or state constitutional provisions.
governance of public education in the US
an obligation of the state, which in turn confers administrative duties to local boards of education
Purpose of multi-age instruction
to provide effective instruction by taking advantage of the resulting diversity
Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act
- Parent/students to access their education records
- a chance to try and have their records changed
- partial control over who sees them
- With many exceptions, schools must have the student’s consent before disclosure of their records.
self-pacing
Program of directed studies in order to meet the needs of gifted students. Students pursue an area of interest in depth under the supervision of a faculty member.
Major point of agreement that must be adhered to by a school and its larger community
Seeking consensus on the objectives of the educational system or on those aspects of the system to be improved
First step in comprehensive budget development process
develop a set of long-range goals
and objectives for the high school
example of centralized yet highly democratic curriculum decision-making structure
District-level committees made up of representative subject-matter teachers from each of the district schools make binding decisions about what curriculum and what textbooks will be adopted by all district schools for each subject area.
State Lottery Funding
- Based on set $ amount multiplied by the prior year’s ADA
- Received on a quarterly timeline
Systematic Leadership
Focuses more on the organization by improving the structure, outcomes, and path of the organization, you will then improve the outcomes of the stakeholder’s within the organization.
