cpace (Carrie) Flashcards
who has the authority to adapt policies in any given school district?
District board of education
Parent Empowerment Law (Article 3 SBX54)
Allows parents to “trigger” change in their child’s school. If majority of parents sign a petition they will be given the option to:
- Send their child to another public school
- Convert the existing school into a charter
- child may receive a scholarship to a private school
Everson v. Board of Ed
Supreme court held that public tax money could be used to transport students to religious schools on the basis of the child benefit theory. Child benefit theory is a principle that allows state funds to be given to students studying in private schools provided the allotment can be justified as benefiting the child.
What is career academy?
small learning community within a high school that brings together school and world of work
Carl D. Perkins Vocational and Technical Education Act of 2006
The new Act will provide an increased focus on the academic achievement of career and technical education students, strengthen the connections between secondary and postsecondary education, and improve state and local accountability.
Parent Empowerment Law (Article 3 SBX54)
Allows parents to “trigger” change in their child’s school. If majority of parents sign a petition they will be given the option to:
- Send their child to another public school
- Convert the existing school into a charter
- child may receive a scholarship to a private school
SISP (Specialized Instructional Support Personnel
group of professionals that have a broad set of responsibilities in schools, intervention services, ensure positive conditions for learning, help all students achieve.
School counselors, psychologists, social workers, nurses, speech, art therapists, music, dance/movement therapists, occupational, behavior, and physical
change model process
Fullan (1982, 1991) proposed that there are four broad phases in the change process: initiation, implementation, continuation, and outcome.
PERB (California Public Employees Relations Board
has the authority to issue orders to accomplish the purposes and policies of the statutes it administers. Responsible for enforcing the collective bargaining laws covering employees of public schools and community college. Does not enforce laws that affect employees. Example: promising benefits to employees if they refuse union
Title IX portion of the Ed Amendments of 1972
addresses discrimination of school athletics, school band, and academic classes.
Protects people from discrimination based on sex in ed programs or activities which receive federal financial assistance. Includes: admissions, recruitment, financial aid, academic programs, student treatment, counceling guidance, PE, athletics, housing and employment
Laws such as Prop 187 states that deny ed rights to undocumented students are deemed unconstitutional because…
the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment to the US Constitution.
14th Amend - must treat an individual in the same manner as others in similar conditions and circumstances. Ex: violation would occur if state denied based on race.
Acceptable Use Policy created by school districts to regulate
excepted behavior of technology, photo/info release, websites (must be solely for educational purposes)
Goss v. Lopez decision by the U.S. Supreme Court
school leaders are obligated to arrange a hearing where all sides have opportunity to be heard before suspension.
Goss v. Lopez-Students suspended from a public school w/out hearing violated the due process right protected by the 14th amendment. Student’s have a legitimate property right in their education, which is protected by the Due Process Clause. This right cannot be taken away without appropriate procedural hearings.
There are four levels to James Banks’ approaches to Multicultural Curriculum Reform.
Level 1: The Contributions Approach Level 2: The Additive Approach Level 3: The Transformation Approach Level 4: The Social Action Approach
Constructivist theory
Constructivist theory stresses active involvement in learning. For example, instead of just reading about Civil War battles, students imagine they are soldiers, and they have to discover what what soldiers wore and ate and how they prepared for battle.
The the International Society for Technology in Education implemented six standards of technology.
They are as follows: (1) Leadership and vision: “Educational leaders inspire a shared vision for comprehensive integration of technology and foster an environment and culture conducive to the realization of that vision” (2) Learning and teaching: Educational leaders should make sure curricular design integrates appropriate technology for maximized learning (3) Productivity and professional practice: Technology applied to enhance the professional practice of educational leaders (4) Support, management, and operations: The integration of technology to support productive systems (5) Assessment and evaluation: Implementing systems of evaluation and assessment (6) Social, legal and ethical issues: Educational leaders understand the social, legal and ethical issues related to technology.
leadership styles are broken up into four categories .
Autocratic: The leader uses his or her authority to make decisions. Democratic: The authority is shared and all group members help make decisions. Laissez-faire: A “hands-off” style in which the leader allows the group to make its own decisions. Abdicratic: No one in the group exercises leadership. This style, says researchers, leads to group disintegration and is followed by autocratic leadership. The other term does not pertain to leadership,
Marzano
Marzano developed categories to guide instruction. Similar to other instructional models, Marzano’s principles serve as a foundation for curriculum design and for instructional strategies. Based on Marzano’s research, these nine principles have impacted learning and produced positive student achievement. According to Marzano’s, the nine categories include the following elements: “ (1) identifying similarities and differences, (2) homework and practice, (3) setting objectives and providing feedback, (4) summarizing and note taking, (5) nonlinguistic representation, (6) generating and testing hypotheses, (7) reinforcing effort and providing recognition, (8) cooperative learning, and (9) using questions, cues and advanced organizers.”
Joseph Murphy
Joseph Murphy in 1992 concluded that effective schools had principles that focused on learning ability, ways to assess outcomes, school responsibility, and establishing a connection with the community.
In regards to learning ability, Murphy concluded that all students had the ability to learn. The key to learning was to identify each student’s skills and provide opportunities for them to learn based on their skills. Further, schools needed to develop learning outcomes for the students and then continuously measure these outcomes to track progress. Also, the schools had a responsibility to help students learn and realize that learning was not just the responsibility of the students.
Cooperative learning is a learning model created by Johnson.
It incorporates leadership building, communication, skills to build trust and skills to resolve conflict. The model has five components which includes positive interdependent, promotes interaction, accountability, face to face interaction and group processing. With this learning model, the teachers can impact learning and their instructional strategies, along with increasing student achievement and student self-esteem.
Expectancy theory
The Expectancy theory defines motivation in terms of valences and instrumentality. Valence is internal motivation, which is affected by the external instrumentality.
culture, ethnicity and race?
In terms of diversity, culture, ethnicity and race are important factors to consider. Culture is defined by one’s beliefs, arts and social institutions. Ethnicity looks at common traits, traditions or languages. Race is people with common ancestry
What is responsible for funding education, according to the Constitution?
The federal government is not legally responsible to fund education. The responsibility of education is given to each state in the Constitution.
A systematic approach
A systematic approach is best for learning about many things, human behavior in particular. This approach combines observational and analysis to reach a conclusion. This can include theories that may be tested but the overarching technique is systematic.
Charter schools
Charter schools are state funded alternatives to traditional public schools and give students attending at risk or low performing schools an opportunity to attend a school where they can receive a better education. A charter school does not require the same structure that a traditional public school is required to have by state, district and federal standards, such as having a school board or having standard school operational procedures. Additionally, charter schools can develop their own curriculum and establish its own instructional strategies without the regulation of the State Educational Board.
Now, according to studies performed by agencies, such as the National Assessment Governing Board, students attending charter schools have not outperformed students academically who are attending traditional public schools. So, the true benefits of charter schools are still in question since they do not have a long and proven track record for the improvement of education.
One of the more frequent types of budgets that schools use is an incremental budget.
With an incremental budget, the budget for the current year is started from the budget from the previous year where the school can either add or subtract income and expenditures, which can include carryover funds.
Further, when using an incremental budget, the school does not have to justify all expenditures before they are prioritized and included in the budget as with a zero based budget. Also, incremental budgets are based on the previous year’s budget with fixed percentages factored in to allow for expenditure growths.
Skinner developed the behavioral theory and direct instruction is a model that uses his behavioral theory.
Further, with direct instruction, the teacher uses steps or a sequential approach to teach students. Also, the teachers instruct the students on a certain skill, for example, the teacher in the scenario whose objective is to teach students to write clear sentences with a main idea.
Social learning theory
Social learning theory concentrates on the learning that takes place in a social context. It focuses on such thing as observational learning, imitation, and modeling.
According to Calhoun and Sagor, there is a 5-step process when it comes to leaders conducting action research.
The steps are as follows: Step 1: Problem formation Step 2: Collect data Step 3: Analyze data Step 4: Report data Step 5: Create an action plan
