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Skin Pathology > CP64 - Disease of the Head and Neck > Flashcards

CP64 - Disease of the Head and Neck Flashcards

1
Q

which type of carcinoma account for the majority of oral cavity?

A

squamous cell carcinoma

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2
Q

where within the oral cavity have the highest frequencies of carcinoma?

A

floor of the mouth, ventrolateral tongue, retromolar region, lower lip, soft palate and gingiva

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3
Q

what are the strongest risk factors for carcinomas of the oral cavity?

A

tobacco and alcohol abuse

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4
Q

which virus can cause oral cavity carcinoma?

A

HPV

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5
Q

what are some dietary risk factors for oral cavity carcinoma?

A

fruit hight in Vit A & C - protective against oral neoplasia

meat and red chilli powder - risk factors

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6
Q

how is carcinoma of the oral cavity spread?

A

almost always through the tumour embolism

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7
Q

where is the common local metastasis of oral cavity carcinoma?

A

cervical lymph node

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8
Q

where is the common distant metastasis of oral cavity carcinoma?

A

mediastinal lymph nodes, lungs, liver, bone

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9
Q

what are some of the pre-cancerous lesions for carcinoma of the oral cavity

A

submucous fibrosis, actinic keratosis, lichen planus, leukoplakia, erythroplakia, chronic hyperplastic candidosis

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10
Q

what is the most common larynx carcinoma

A

squamous cell carcinoma

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11
Q

how is larynx carcinoma treated?

A

total laryngectomy

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12
Q

what are some of the major risk factor for larynx carcinoma?

A

smoking & alcohol, HPV

dietary - low in green leafy veg and rich in salt preserved meats and dietary fats

Exposure to paint, diesel and gasoline fumes, asbestos

laryngopharyngeal reflux

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13
Q

what is lichen planus

A

non-infectious inflammatory disease characterised by polygonal,itchy papules.

mostly affect the muco-cutaneous layer.

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14
Q

what are some of the clinical conditions for Lichen planus

A

cutaneous lesion - itchy, purple, papules forming plaques with Wickham’s striae

Oral Lesions - reticular striations, plaque-like, erosive, ulcerative lesions,

small risk of malignant transformation

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15
Q

what are vocal cord nodules and polyps

A

nodules and polyps present on the vocal cord

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16
Q

who is likely to be affected by vocal cord nodules and polyps

A

heavy smokers, individuals who impose great strain on their vocal cords eg singers

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17
Q

what are some of the clinical symptoms for vocal cord nodules and polyps

A

most commonly associated with a voice change

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18
Q

what can cause nasal polyps

A

recurrent attacks of rhinitis (infection of the inside of the nose) can eventually lead to focal protrusions of the mucosa

19
Q

what complication can nasal polyps cause?

A

blockage of the airway and impede sinus drainage

20
Q

what is sinusitis?

A

inflammation of the air sinuses within the skull

21
Q

what can cause sinusitis?

A

Acute sinusitis usually proceeded by acute or chronic rhinitis

22
Q

what can periapical infection from an upper tooth cause?

A

maxillary sinusitis - through the antral floor

23
Q

what can acute sinusitis lead to?

A

chronic sinusitis (as a result of the inflammatory oedema of the mucosa)

24
Q

what are the micro-organisms which can cause sinusitis?

A

= mixed microbial flora usually inhabitants of the oral cavity, severe forms may be caused by fungi e.g. mucomycosis esp in diabetics

25
Q

what are some of the complications for sinusitis?

A

potential of spread into the orbit or into the enclosing bone producing cranial osteomylitis, meningitis or cerebral abscess – very rare!

26
Q

what does cholesteatoma affect?

A

middle ear and/or mastoid process - collection of squamous cells in the middle ear

27
Q

what is otitis media

A

infection of the middle ear

28
Q

what are some of the symptoms of otitis media

A

often viral and associated with generalised URT symptoms

29
Q

what are the causative agents for otitis media?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae, H. influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis

30
Q

what are the causative agent of chronic otitis media?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus or fungal

31
Q

what are some of the potential complications?

A

perforation of eardrum Aural polyps, cholesteatoma
Destructive necrotising otitis consequence of otitis media in a diabetic person especially when P. aeruginosa is the causative organism

32
Q

what is cholesteatoma?

A

association with otitis media

33
Q

what is potential complication of cholesteatoma?

A

Progressive enlargement may lead to erosion of ossicles, the labyrinth (dizziness) and adjacent bone or the surrounding soft tissue

hearing loss

very rarely CNS complications - brain abscess and meningitis

34
Q

what is otosclerosis?

A

abnormal bone deposition in the middle ear - usually bilateral

35
Q

what are some of the outcome of otosclerosis

A

Process is slowly progressive eventually leading to marked hearing loss

36
Q

what is labyrinthitis?

A

Inflammatory disorder of the inner ear or labyrinth

37
Q

what are some of the complications for labyrinthitis

A

disturbances of balance and hearing

38
Q

what can cause labyrinthitis

A

bacterial/viral - acute inflammation

autoimmune

39
Q

what are the 2 types of carcinoma common in the external ear?

A

BCC & SCC - tend to occur in elderly men and are associated with actinic radiation

40
Q

what is the carcinoma common in the ear canal?

A

SCC - middle-aged to elderly women

41
Q

what is paragangliomas?

A

rare neuroendocrine neoplasm that may develop at various body sites , mostly benign

42
Q

what is the most common tumour of the middle ear?

A

paraganglioma

43
Q

what are the clinical symptoms for paragangliomas?

A

pulsatiletinnitus, hearing loss, aural pressure/fullness,dizziness, otalgia, and bloody otorrhea

Skin Pathology (3 decks)

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