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Physics > CP4- Waves > Flashcards

CP4- Waves Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the functions of waves?

A
  • waves transfer energy from one place to another without transferring any matter
  • this energy is information that is transferred in the direction that it is travelling
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2
Q

How do waves travel through mediums?

A
  • waves travel through a medium and then the particles of this medium will vibrate and oscillate, transferring energy and information between eachother all while the particles remain in the same place.
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3
Q

What is the highest point of a wave on a wave diagram called?

A

The crest

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4
Q

What is the lowest point of the wave on a wave diagram called?

A
  • trough
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5
Q

What is the amplitude on a wave graph?

A
  • this is the maximum displacement- how high the wave has gone from its equilibrium
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6
Q

What is the displacement on a wave graph?

A
  • how far from the equilibrium a wave has oscillated
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7
Q

What is the distance on a wave graph?

A
  • how far the wave has travelled from its starting point
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8
Q

What is the wavelength on a wave diagram?

A
  • the distance of one entire oscillation
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9
Q

Rather than a wavelength, what is a full oscillation called on a displacement time graph?

A
  • time period -the time it takes for one complete oscillation
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10
Q

What does the time period of a wave diagram tell us?

A
  • the time period tells us the frequency of the wave as it can tell us how many complete oscillations occur in one second
  • for example if the time period for one complete oscillation is 0.5 second, the frequency would be 2 as this is how many oscillations that would occur in 1 second
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11
Q

What is the frequency ?

A

How many complete oscillations occur in 1 second

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12
Q

What is the equation for frequency?

A

1/time

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13
Q

What is the equation for time period?

A

1/frequency

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14
Q

What is wave speed?

A
  • tells us how quickly a wave moved through space
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15
Q

How do you calculate wave speed?

A

Speed = distance / timing or speed= frequency x wavelength

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16
Q

What are transverse waves?

A
  • transverse waves contain oscillations that are perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer/ the direction the wave flows
  • examples include: electromagnetic waves, light waves, S waves, ripples
17
Q

What are longitudinal waves?

A
  • longitudinal waves contain oscillations that are parallel to the direction of energy transfer/ the direction the wave flows
  • the waves move back an forward in the same direction of travel so often have more compressed areas aswell as rarefaction areas.
  • examples include sound waves, p waves,
18
Q

Describe how a ripple tank allows us to investigate waves.

A
  • this is a shallow tray of water that contains a vibrating bar which can create waves across the surface of the water, there is light above this that produces an image of the waves onto a piece of paper that lies below the tray. Take a video of all this occurring
    1. To measure the wavelength you would place a ruler in clear views next to the piece of paper and then freeze the image in order to measure the distance between one wave and a further ten. Now that you have ten wavelengths you can divide this by 10 to find the length of just one
    2. To find the frequency count the number of waves passing a specific point in ten seconds and then divide this by ten to find out how many waves oscillated in a second- therefore telling you the frequency
  • this allows is too find the wave speed with the equation v= frequency x wavelength
  1. Another way to determine wave speed is to just select a wave and measure the time it takes to move the length of the tank. This allows us to do s=d/t
19
Q

Describe how you would investigate waves in solids.

A
  • to find the speed of waves in a solid, measure the frequency of the sound waves that are produced when you hit the solid object, hitting the object would cause waves to be produced which in turn makes the object vibrate and produce sound waves in the air around it. These sound waves will have the same frequency as the waves inside the solid
    1. Measure and record the length of the metal rod and secure it in clamps using rubber bands. Place a microphone at one end that is connected to a frequency app
    2. On the other end, tap the metal rod with a hammer and note down the peak frequency, repeat to get an average frequency
  • after this you can calculate the speed with v= frequency- wavelength BUT IT IS IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER THAT THE WAVE LENGTH IS EQUAL TO TWICE THE LENGTH OF THE ROD BECAUSE ROD LENGTH=HALF A WAVELENGTH
20
Q

What are the three ways waves behave at boundaries?

A
  • absorbed
  • reflected
  • transmitted
21
Q

Explain how waves are absorbed at boundaries.

A
  • waves can be absorbed by the second material so the wave will transfer energy to the materials energy stores
  • this is usually transferred to a thermal store which leads to heating
22
Q

Explain how waves are transmitted at boundaries.

A
  • waves can be transmitted through the second material meaning it continues travelling through the new material, often leading to refraction
23
Q

Explain how waves are reflected at boundaries.

A
  • the wave can be reflected so the incoming ray in neither absorbed or transmitted but is reflected away completely from the second material
24
Q

What is refraction?

A
  • refraction is when waves change direction as they enter a new medium
  • this occurs because waves travel at different speed in materials with different densities
  • only if a wave hits the boundary at an angle will this change in speed cause a change in direction because if it travels along the normal it will change speed but not change direction
  • the greater the change in speed the more the wave bends
25
Q

What is the initial ray that hits the medium called and what angle does this produce from the normal?

A
  • incident ray
  • angle of incidence
26
Q

What is the ray that leaves the medium called and what angle does it produce?

A
  • ray of refraction/ emergent ray
  • angle of refraction
27
Q

If a wave moves slower in a new medium what happens to the angle of refraction.

A
  • it will bend towards the normal
28
Q

If a wave moved faster in a new medium what happens to the angle of refraction

A
  • it bends away from the normal
29
Q

V= frequency x wavelength. Since the speed of the wave is changing what factor from frequency and wavelength is causing this change

A
  • wavelength is causing this change as the frequency will always remain the same no matter what material is passes through
30
Q

Explain how you would do a refraction practical.

A
  • place a glass block on a piece of paper and trace around it
  • use a ray box and shine a ray of light into the box from an angle
  • trace the incident and emergent ray and remove the glass block
  • which a straight line join the two rays in order to show the ray of refraction that was in the block
  • draw a horizontal line at the point the incident ray hits in the block, this is the normal
  • repeat with the ray entering the block at different angles

Physics (13 decks)

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