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Physics > CP12 > Flashcards

CP12 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the kinetic theory?

A

A theory that explains the properties of different states of matter in terms of the movement of particles. It states that everything is made of tiny particles.

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2
Q

What does the kinetic theory say about particles in a solid?

A

In solids, forces of attraction hold particles closely together. The particles can vibrate but they cannot move around. This explains why solids keep their shape and usually cannot be compressed.

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3
Q

What does the kinetic theory say about particles in a liquid?

A

In liquids, the particles are moving faster and so the forces of attraction between the particles are not strong enough to hold them in fixed positions. The particles can move past each other so liquids flow and take the shape of their container. The particles are still very close together, so liquids usually cannot be compressed.

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4
Q

What does the kinetic theory say about particles in a gas?

A

In a gas, the particles are far apart and moving around quickly. Gases are compressible and expand to fill their container.

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5
Q

What is the density of a substance?

A

The mass of a certain volume of the substance.

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6
Q

How does the density of a substance vary when it is a solid and when it is a gas?

A

Almost all substances are most dense when they are solids and least dense when they are gases.

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7
Q

How is density explained in terms of arrangement of particles?

A

A solid is usually denser than the same substance as a liquid, because the particles in solids are closer together.

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8
Q

What is the equation for density?

A

density(kg/m³) = mass(kg) / volume(m³)

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9
Q

What is the symbol equation for density?

A

p = m / v (p=Density, m=Mass, v=Volume)

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10
Q

What is the formula triangle for density?

A

Mass
Density | Volume

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11
Q

How can you work out the density of an irregular shaped object?

A

1.You need to devise an experiment involving: the object, a displacement can, measuring cylinder, a scale.
2. You need to measure the mass of the object
3. You need to get the displacement can and fill it with water until it reaches just below the nozzle
4. You need to put the nozzle of the displacement can over the measuring cylinder
5. Drop the object (the one you are measuring the density of) into the displacement can
6. Measure the amount of water that fell from the displacement can into the measuring cylinder (this is the volume of the object)
7. Use the mass obtained (by weighing the object) and the volume obtained (from the measuring cylinder) and input it into the density equation to find out the density

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12
Q

What happens to the particles in a solid when it stores more thermal energy?

A

The particles of the solid vibrate more.

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13
Q

What happens to the particles in a liquid and gas when it stores more thermal energy?

A

The particles of the liquid or gas increase the speed at which they move around.

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14
Q

How can you maintain a store of thermal energy?

A

The store of thermal energy can be maintained by reducing the amount of energy that is transferred to the surroundings by heating.

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15
Q

How can the amount of energy transferred to surroundings by heating be reduced?

A

This can be done by surrounding the warm object with insulating material (such as wool, foam or bubble wrap).

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16
Q

What does the amount of thermal energy stored depend on?

A

-It’s temperature
- It’s mass
- The material that it is made from

17
Q

What is specific heat capacity?

A

The amount of energy it takes to increase the temperature of 1 kilogram of the substance by 1°c.

18
Q

What does a line increasing diagonally mean in a temperature, time graph (/)?

A

A diagonal line means that there is an increase in temperature and an increase in kinetic energy. Particles also vibrate more but there is no state change.

19
Q

What does a flat line mean in a temperature, time graph (-)?

A

A flat, straight line means that there is no increase in temperature and no increase in kinetic energy. Here the bonds are being broken and the substance is changing shape.

20
Q

What is specific latent heat?

A

The amount of energy it takes to make 1kg of a substance change state.

21
Q

What is the specific latent heat for fusion meant to be used for?

A

It is meant to be used for the processes of melting and freezing.

22
Q

What is the specific latent heat for vaporisation meant to be used for?

A

It is meant to be used for the processes of boiling and condensing.

23
Q

What is the formula for energy of state change?

A

Energy of state change(J) = Mass(Kg) x Specific latent heat(J/Kg)

24
Q

What is the symbol equation for energy of state change?

A

Q = m x L (Q=Energy of state change, m=Mass, L=Specific latent heat)

25
Q

What is the formula triangle for energy of state change?

A

Energy of state change
Mass | Specific latent heat

26
Q

What is the formula for change in energy?

A

Change in energy(J) = Mass(Kg) x Specific heat capacity(J/Kg°C) x Change in temperature(°C)

27
Q

What is the symbol equation for change in thermal energy?

A

△Q = m x c x θ (△Q=Energy, m=Mass, c=specific heat capacity, θ=temperature)

28
Q

How does the speed of particles in a substance affect its temperature?

A

The faster the average speed of the particles, the higher the temeprature.

29
Q

How does heating a gas affect the kinetic energy of its particles?

A

Heating a gas increases the kinetic energy of the particles, so they move faster and the temperature rises.

30
Q

Why does a gas have pressure?

A

The pressure of a gas is due to forces on the walls of a container caused by the moving particles hitting the walls. The faster the particles are moving, the more frequent their collisions will be and the more force they will exert when they collide.

31
Q

What effect does increasing the temperature of a gas have on the gas’ pressure?

A

Increasing the temperature of a gas increases the speed of the particles, so it also increases the pressure of the gas.

32
Q

What unit is pressure measured in?

A

Pascals (Pa), 1 Pa = 1 N/m²

33
Q

What is absolute zero?

A

The temperature at which the pressure of gas drops to zero. It is -273°c or 0k.

34
Q

What is the kelvin temperature scale?

A

A scale that measures temperature relative to absolute zero. The units are kelvin (K) and 1k is the same temperature interval as 1°c (so 1k would be -272°c). Absolute zero is 0k on this scale.

35
Q

How can you convert from celsius to kelvin and the other way around?

A
  • To convert from Kelvin to Celsius, subtract 273.
  • To convert from celsius to Kelvin, add 273.
36
Q

What is the average kinetic energy of the particles in a gas directly proportional to? (HINT: Involves absolute zero)

A

The average kinetic energy of the particles in a gas is directly proportional to the kelvin temperature of the gas (e.g. gas at 4k has an average kinetic energy of 4J).

Physics (13 decks)

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