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Care And Management Of Domestic Animals > Cows > Flashcards

Cows Flashcards

1
Q

Define bull

A

Intact male

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2
Q

Define cow

A

Intact female

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3
Q

Define steer

A

Male castrated young

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4
Q

Define heifer

A

Young immature female, has not calved

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5
Q

Define calf

A

Young cow

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6
Q

Define herd

A

Group of cows

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7
Q

Define freshening

A

Start of milk production after birth

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8
Q

Define first calf heifer

A

Young heifer has only had one calf

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9
Q

What are calf crates/hutches

A

Individual outdoor pens commonly used in the dairy industry

Good ventilation, separation, easy cleaning, easy access to door/water

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10
Q

What are calf barns

A

Not common in the dairy industry

Enclosed areas for groups of calves

Better for social interaction but harder to control disease

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11
Q

What should be measured daily on calves

A

Height
Weight
Average daily gain (ADG)

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12
Q

When should colostrum first be given after birth, and how much should they have in the first day

A

Within 15 minutes

6L in the first day

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13
Q

What is colostrum

A

First milk from mother with increased levels of blood proteins, vitamins, nutrients, minerals and maternal antibodies

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14
Q

What is passive immunity and how is it achieved in calves

A

Due to the underdeveloped abomasum and reticular groove which allows milk to bypass the rumen, omasum and reticulum, colostrum passes right into the abomasum and is absorbed into the blood stream (not broken down due to no stomach acid in abomasum)

This is the main level of immunity for a calve in the first days of life

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15
Q

After 3 days of colostrum, what can calves be switched to, which is the most ideal and why

A

Whole milk, milk replacer, mastitis milk, fermented colostrum

Whole milk is most ideal for its high energy levels and balanced proteins, minerals and vitamins

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16
Q

How much milk should a cow get each day

What should they also have access to constantly and why

A

4L of milk each day

Access to solid feed and water -aids in weaning

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17
Q

The faster the calf is eating solid feed the faster the ___ develops

A

Rumen

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18
Q

What is the typical feeding regime for calves

A

Feeding to appetite for first 3-4 weeks

Switching to restricted milk diet until 8-9 weeks (have access to solid feed and water)

Weaned by 3-4 months

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19
Q

True or false

Competition is a big problem in calves

A

True

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20
Q

How is competition reduced, what should you do in group housing

A

Reduced with individual housing

Consider restraints while feeding from a bottle vs a trough in groups

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21
Q

Calves are considered weaned when

A

They are eating 1kg of calf starter a day (grain based mixture of feed)

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22
Q

How do you stimulate rumen development

A

Solid feed

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23
Q

Calves fed mostly milk with have

A

Slow rumen development

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24
Q

Things to aid in weaning

A

Offering concentrates/pelleted/roughage freely

Restricted milk diets

Offering water

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25
Calves weaned on pasture show
Reduced growth rates
26
When do you start weaning
3 months
27
What is a good indication of rumen development
The presence of rumination
28
What are purebred (seed stock) producers
Raise cattle with a breeding association with pedigrees and genetic merit documented to allow selective breeding Replace heifers/bulls to increase genetic advancement in the industry
29
What are some needs for housing cows
Comfortability: clean dry bedding, access to cool/shady areas, weather protected Chutes: large enough for large breeds and pregnant cows and have side walls that open Walkways: kept free of sharp objects/rocks/holes to reduce injury Traction throughout housing to prevent slipping Draining systems to prevent hoof disease Grooved rubber mats need more attention in cleaning to maintain air quality
30
What are some rules for housing pregnant cows
Pregnant cows housed separately from calves Different spaces for heifers and mature cows when nursing (bonding) Area for confinement of calves Good supply of clean dry bedding
31
What is creep feeding
Offering supplemental feed to calves (where only calves can get it) to increase daily gain and weaning weight
32
Feed for beef cattle mainly includes
Grass as a form of forage (increases growth rates)
33
Forage reduces problems with
Rumen acidosis
34
Dietary rations are adjusted to minimize risk of
Heat stress
35
What are sandcracks and indication of
A diet lacking vitamins and minerals
36
New animals to the feedlot get a ___% forage and ____% cereal grain diet for the first 7-10 days
60-70% forage 30-40% cereal grain
37
How much water does a cow drink
10L/min
38
Describe watering systems for cows
Should be cleaned one a week or more if needed Should be easily accessible and easily cleaned Water should be tested for quality Checked daily for things like ice or debris
39
What is the gestation period of cows
283 days with 40 days of recovery time postpartum until they can breed again
40
estrus cycles are about ___ days with ovulation occurring at the start of it How long will cows be in heat for
21 days In heat for 24-36 hours (when breeding must occur)
41
After birthing, how long should they wait to become pregnant again?
2 estrus cycles
42
What is the main goal of weaning
To enable cow to calve every year
43
What are the 2 stages of weaning calves
1: using anti-suckling nose paddles 2: after 4-7 days nose paddles are removed and calves are separated from dam
44
When are beef calves weaned
7-8 months Depends on health rather than age
45
Why are beef calves weaned earlier (6months) in years of drought or poor feed supply
So they can recover from weaning before winter
46
What happens if beef calves are weaned earlier than 5 months
Have severe setbacks but can perform well with a proper diet
47
After weaning, what mixture is often given to beef calves
A mixture of grass/legume hay with balanced amount of grain
48
After weaning, where are beef calves sold to How much are they sold for
Sold to feed lots Sold as price per pound or price per 100 pounds
49
Calves may go right to the feedlot from producers, or light ones may go to
Stock feeders (backgrounding) programs where they are put on a high rough age diet through the winter to increase their weight before they go to the feedlot
50
The last stage of meat production is
The feedlot
51
Beef Calves are typically fed in feedlots for up to 4-7 months before
Being sent to the slaughter house
52
What is backgrounding
Involves feeding and growing steers and heifers less than 1yo until they can enter the feedlot Younger/lighter calves about 400-800 lbs are put on feeder rations (high roughage) to increase weight before going to the feedlot Used to control weight gain and increase muscle and bone growth before fat
53
What are stocker calves
Younger and lighter or have a lower condition than feeders and are usually allowed to feed on pasture
54
In feedlots, calves are weaned around
6 months of age
55
Calves live in backgrounding operations until they are ___ lbs or ___ months old then sent to feedlots
900lbs or 9-11 months old
56
Cows live on feedlots for ___ and reach weights of ___ before being sent to slaughter
3-5 months Weights of 1400-1500lbs
57
Cows in feedlots are fed
Rations of grain and forage
58
Depends on weather, temps, and health, calves will be transitioned between ___ days to a ___% forage ration which includes grains/minerals/supplements
Between 20-30 days to a 10-20% forage ration
59
Why do rations change throughout time on feedlots
Change with their requirements and weights to enter the market
60
Respiratory disease is the main cause of death in feedlots in the first ___ days after arriving
30-45 days
61
Feedlot cows get a ___ tag along with a brand or another tag to identify individuals amount herds. This is to
RFID tag (government) To track and provide records of health of animals and place of birth should any disease arise
62
What are pen riders
Monitor and move calves through the feedlot operation Also aid in detection of illnesses
63
What is free stall housing
When groups of cows are loose within pens allowing them to roam freely Should have individual resting areas, proper ventilation/shaded areas
64
Advantages of free stall housing
Cleaner environment Less expensive (bedding) Greater easy for parlour use
65
When is a cow introduced to a milking herd | When is she removed
After spending a few hours with her new calf Removed for next breeding and returned after second calving
66
How long does the cow stay in a milking herd
10 months | Removed 2 months before next calving
67
How often can cows be milked
3 times a day max, dairy industry often does 2 times a day for comfort
68
When are heifers first impregnated
Around 15 months of age
69
What is a clean up bull
Kept to breed cows who have been unsuccessful with AI
70
What is the gestation period of a dairy cow
280 days but can be longer with bulls
71
When is the dry period and what is it
Around 60 days before calving the cow will stop milk production

Care And Management Of Domestic Animals (5 decks)

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