COVID-19 Flashcards
What are the learning objectives for COVID-19?
- Study the clinical picture and pathophysiology of coronavirus infection, as well as the main differential diagnoses. 2. Know the COVID 2022 protocol from the Ministry of Health. 3. Understand the Clinical Management Recommendations and treatment of COVID. 4. Discuss isolation, sanitary measures, and vaccination.
What is the etiological agent of COVID-19?
The SARS-CoV-2 virus, which is part of the betacoronavirus genus of the Coronaviridae family, has RNA as its genetic material and a spike protein in its viral envelope.
How does SARS-CoV-2 infect human cells?
The virus is inhaled and binds to the ACE2 ou ECA enzyme, which is involved in blood pressure regulation, allowing it to enter cells after cleavage of the spike protein by cellular proteases.
What are the main complications caused by SARS-CoV-2?
It can cause intense inflammatory responses, leading to conditions like acute respiratory distress syndrome, alveolar edema, cytokine storms, and organ failure.
What factors are associated with exacerbated forms of COVID-19?
- Aging increases ACE2 expression in respiratory cells. 2. Estrogen steroid exacerbation intensifies TMPRSS2 action. 3. Innate immune errors or autoantibodies against INF-1, more common in men. 4. Vasoconstriction caused by the virus increases complications in patients with hypertension, diabetes, elderly, and obese individuals.
What is the incubation period for COVID-19?
The incubation period ranges from 1 to 14 days, with an average of 5 to 6 days.
When is COVID-19 most transmissible?
Transmission can occur 48 hours before symptoms appear and up to 5-7 days after symptom onset, peaking in the first 48-72 hours.
What are the main variants of SARS-CoV-2?
- Alpha (B.1.1.7) - Increased transmissibility. 2. Beta (B.1.351) - Immune escape. 3. Gamma (P.1) - Major impact in Brazil. 4. Delta (B.1.617.2) - Extremely transmissible. 5. Omicron (B.1.1.529) - High mutation rate and immune escape.
What is the impact of the Alpha variant?
It is 50% more transmissible than the original strain and has a higher severity of disease, leading to increased hospitalization.
What is the impact of the Beta variant?
It shows greater immune escape, reducing vaccine efficacy and complicating the immune response.
What is the impact of the Gamma variant?
It has a higher resistance to neutralization by antibodies and increased reinfection rates, significantly impacting Brazil.
What is the impact of the Delta variant?
It is 60% more transmissible than Alpha and has caused massive case surges worldwide.
What is the impact of the Omicron variant?
It has extremely high transmissibility and immune escape but lower severity compared to previous variants.
What are the recent subvariants of Omicron?
Subvariants include BA.1, BA.2, BA.5, XBB, BQ.1, EG.5 (Eris), BA.2.86 (Pirola), and JN.1, with some associated with increased transmission.
What is the clinical presentation of COVID-19?
It can initially present as a flu-like syndrome and may evolve into severe acute respiratory syndrome.
What is the differential diagnosis for COVID-19?
Differential diagnoses include influenza, common cold, bacterial pneumonia, pulmonary tuberculosis, whooping cough, and acute exacerbations of COPD.
What is the protocol for symptomatic respiratory patients in 2022?
Patients should wear a surgical mask, be directed to a separate area for care, and receive prompt evaluation to minimize contact with others.
What is the clinical diagnosis process for COVID-19?
Clinical diagnosis involves investigating contact with confirmed cases in the last 14 days, but laboratory confirmation is necessary due to non-specific symptoms.
Como pode ocorrer a alta?
A alta também poderá ocorrer por óbito.
Qual é o diagnóstico clínico para COVID-19?
Ao atender indivíduos com sintomas gripais, deve-se investigar o contato com pessoas contaminadas nos últimos 14 dias. Os sintomas clínicos não são específicos e é necessário realizar exame laboratorial para confirmação.
Quais são os métodos de diagnóstico laboratorial para COVID-19?
Os métodos incluem: Biologia molecular, Sorologia e Testes rápidos.
O que é a biologia molecular no diagnóstico de COVID-19?
Permite identificar a presença do material genético (RNA) do vírus SARS-CoV-2 em amostras de secreção respiratória, utilizando RT-qPCR e RT-LAMP. A coleta deve ser feita até o 8º dia de sintomas, preferencialmente entre o 3º e 7º dia.
O que a sorologia detecta?
Detecta anticorpos IgM, IgA e/ou IgG produzidos pela resposta imunológica ao vírus SARS-CoV-2, podendo diagnosticar doença ativa ou pregressa.
Quando devem ser feitos os testes sorológicos?
Devem ser feitos a partir do 8º dia de infecção.