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micropara lec > Covid-19 > Flashcards

Covid-19 Flashcards

1
Q

are a family of viruses known for containing strains that cause potentially deadly diseases in mammals and birds

A

Coronaviruses

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2
Q

In humans they’re typically spread via airborne droplets of fluid produced by infected individuals

A

Coronaviruses

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3
Q

four known genuses in the family

A

Alphacoronavirus
Betacoronavirus
Gammacoronavirus
Deltacoronavirus

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4
Q

first two only infect mammals, including bats, pigs, cats, and humans

A

Alphacoronavirus

Betacoronavirus

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5
Q

mostly infects birds such as poultry

A

Gammacoronavirus

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6
Q

can infect both birds and mammals.

A

Deltacoronavirus

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7
Q

COVID-19 is the illness that presents on being infected by a deadly coronavirus called

A

SARS-CoV-2

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8
Q

originally suspected as a potential source for the outbreak, though other experts have deemed this unlikely and proposed bats as a reservoir instead

A

Snake

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9
Q

This SARS-related virus was first identified in the Chinese city

A

Wuhan

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10
Q

have been implicated as a potential link in the transfer chain

A

Pangolins

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11
Q

was first recognised as a distinct strain of coronavirus in 2003. The source of the virus has never been clear, though the first human infections can be traced back to the Chinese province of Guangdong in 2002

A

SARS

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12
Q

The virus then became a pandemic, causing more than 8,000 infections of an influenza-like disease in 26 countries with close to 800 deaths.

A

SARS

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13
Q

was first identified in Saudi Arabia in 2012 in people displaying symptoms of fever, cough, shortness of breath and occasionally gastrointestinal problems such as diarrhoea

A

MERS

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14
Q

An animal source for the virus has never been officially confirmed, though evidence points to dromedary camels as a potential reservoir of infection.

A

MERS

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15
Q

Prevention
 Many of the things you do to help prevent colds and the flu can help protect you against other respiratory viruses, including COVID-19:
(WACCSGE)

A

 Wash your hands often with soap and warm water for at least 20 seconds.
 Avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth.
 Clean things that are frequently touched (like doorknobs and countertops) with household cleaning spray or wipes.
 Cover your mouth when you cough or sneeze. Use a tissue or your inner elbow, not your hands.
 Stay home if you are sick and avoid close contact with others.
 Get vaccinated.
 Even if you do not have symptoms, stay home as much as you can and practice social distancing if you must go out. That’s because you can be sick with COVID-19 and spread the illness to others as much as 48 hours before you have symptoms.

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16
Q

People can spread COVID-19 up to 48 hours before they have symptoms. Unvaccinated individuals, and others at higher risk from COVID-19, can help protect themselves by practicing

A

Social Distancing

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17
Q

Now that businesses are open, schools have in-person learning, and many employees are heading to work outside of their home, here are some tips to keep safe while you’re around others:

A

 Keep your distance. For unvaccinated individuals, and others at higher risk from COVID-19, six feet or more is best. Try an “air hug” or wave to greet people. Give people their space.
 Keep it outside. Good air flow can help reduce the spread of the virus through respiratory droplets.
 Mask up. All unvaccinated residents, and others at higher risk from COVID-19, are recommended to continue to wear face-coverings in indoor settings and when they can’t socially distance. Masks will continue to be required for both vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals at all times in certain locations that include public transportation and medical facilities.

 Keep it flowing. When you are indoors, have good airflow by opening a window or door. You can use a fan in a window to increase airflow.
 Keep it small. Limit the number of people you are with. This helps to avoid “superspreader” events.
 Keep it short. Limit the amount of time you spend with others; the shorter the better (even if you are outdoors).
 Wash your hands. When you touch things other people touch, make sure you wash your hands thoroughly or use hand sanitizer. Plus, once you take off your mask, you’ll want clean hands.
 Plan ahead. Going out to eat? To the gym? Or planning to have guests? Check out CDC’s guidelines for more recommendations.

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18
Q

options specific to this novel coronavirus are still being developed and evaluated

A

Treatment

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19
Q

approved the use of several antibody treatments for early mild-to-moderate COVID-19 in high-risk patients

A

U.S. Food and Drug Administration

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20
Q

used to treat other types of viruses are being used but their efficacy is not known at this time.

A

Antiviral medications

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21
Q

Currently, there are COVID-19 vaccines authorized for emergency use for the prevention of COVID-19 disease:

A

Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna, and Janssen (Johnson & Johnson)

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22
Q

Ingestion of toxin produced outside the body (in vitro) by a pathogen

A

MICROBIAL INTOXICATION

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23
Q

Colonization of the body by a pathogen.

A

INFECTIOUS DISEASES

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24
Q

The superficial epithelial portion of the skin

A

Epidermis

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25
Q

The layer of the skin containing blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves and nerve endings, glands and hair follicles.

A

Dermis

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26
Q

Inflammation of the skin

A

Dermatitis

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27
Q

Glands in the dermis that usually open into hair follicles and secrete an oily substance known as sebum

A

Sebaceous Glands

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28
Q

Inflammation of the hair follicle, the sac that contains a hair shaft

A

Folliculitis

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29
Q

Inflammation of the sebaceous gland that opens into a follicle of an eyelash

A

Sty (stye)

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30
Q

 A localized pyogenic (pus producing), infection of the skin, usually resulting from folliculitis.

A

Furuncle (Boil)

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31
Q

A deep-seated pyogenic infection of the skin usually arising from a coalescence of furuncles

A

Carbuncle(pustule)

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32
Q

VIRAL INFECTIONS OF THE SKIN

A
  1. Chicken pox and shingles
  2. German measles, Rubella
  3. measles, hard measles, rubella
  4. monkey pox
  5. smallpox
  6. Warts
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33
Q

BACTERIAL INFECTION OF THE SKIN

A
  1. acne
  2. Anthrax, woolsters disease
  3. Gas gangrene, my necrosis
  4. Leprosy, Hansen or Hansen disease
  5. Staphylococcal Skin infection
  6. Streptococcal skin infection
  7. dermatophytosis, tinea (ringworm)
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34
Q

Infection of the middle ear

A

OTITIS MEDIA

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35
Q

Infection of the outer ear canal

A

OTITIS EXTERNA

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36
Q

VIRAL AND BACTERIAL EAR INFECTIONS

A

OTITIS EXTERNA, EXTERNAL OTITIS, EAR CANAL INFECTION, SWIMMERS EAR
OTITIS MEDIA, MIDDLE, EAR INFECTION

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37
Q

The thin, tough lining that covers the inner wall of the eyelid and the sclera (the white of the eye)

A

CONJUNCTIVA

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38
Q

An infection or inflammation of the conjunctiva

A

Conjunctivitis

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39
Q

An infection or inflammation of the cornea- the doomed covering over the iris and lens

A

Keratitis

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40
Q

An infection that involves both the cornea and conjuctivita

A

Keratoconjunctivitis

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41
Q

VIRAL INFECTIONS OF THE EYES

A

a. Adenoviruses,
b. enteroviruses
c. herpes simplex viruses
d. keratitis keratoconjunctivitis

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42
Q

BACTERIAL INFECTIONS OF THE EYES

A

 Bacterial Conjunctivitis “pink eye”
 Chlamydial Conjunctivitis, Inclusion conjunctivitis, Paratrachoma
 Trachoma, chlamydia keratoconjunctivitis
 Gonococcal conjunctivitis, Gonorrheal Opthlmia Neonatorum

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43
Q

Inflammation of the mucous membrane lining of the bronchial tubes: most commonly caused by respiratory viruses

A

Bronchitis

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44
Q

Combination of bronchitis and pneumonia

A

Bronchopneumonia

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45
Q

Inflammation of the epiglottis (the mouth of the windpipe): may cause respiratory obstruction especially in children; frequently caused by Haemophilus influenza type b

A

Epiglottis

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46
Q

Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the larynx (voice box)

A

Laryngitis

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47
Q

Inflammation of the mucous membrane and underlying tissue of the pharynx; commonly referred to as sore throat.
 Most cases of pharyngitis are caused by viruses.

A

Pharyngitis

48
Q

 Inflammation of one or both lungs
 Alveolar sac become filled with exudate, inflammatory cells, and fibrin.
 Most cases of pneumonia are caused by bacteria or virus. But pneumonia cam also be caused by fungi and protozoa.

A

Pneumonia

49
Q

 Inflammation of the lining of one or more of the paranasal sinuses.
 The most common causes are S. pneumonia and H. influenza. Less common causes are S. pyogens, Moraxella catarrhalisd and S. aureus.

A

Sinusitis

50
Q

INFECTIOUS DISEASE OF ORAL REGION

A

 Cold sores, fever blister, herpes labialis

51
Q

are superficial clear vesicles on an erythematous (reddened) base, which may appear on the face or lips.

A

Fever blisters

52
Q

 Tooth decay or cavities
 Starts when the external surface (the enamel) of a tooth is dissolved by organic acids, which are produced by masses of microorganism attached to the tooth (dental plaque) followed by enzymatic destruction of the protein matrix, cavitation and bacterial invasion.

A

DENTAL CARIES

53
Q

Inflammation of gingiva (gums)

A

GINGIVITIS

54
Q

Inflammation of the periodontium (tissues that surrounds and support the teeth, including the gingiva and supporting bone) in severe cases, teeth loosen and fall out.

A

Periodontitis

55
Q

 Diseases such as gingivitis, periodontitis and trench mouth
 Can be prevented by maintaining good health, proper oral hygiene (TOOTH BRUSHING, USING TARTAR CONTROL TOOTHPASTE AND FLOSSING, AN ADEQUATE DIET WITHOUT SUGARS AND REGULAR FLUORIDE TREATMENT to help control the microbial population and to prevent damaging bacterial interaction

A

Periodontal diseases

56
Q

TRENCH MOUTH
 Originated in world war I where soldiers developed the infection while fighting in trenches.
 It is usually the result of a combination pf poor oral hygiene, physical or emotional stress and poor diet.
 It involves painful bleeding gums and tonsils, erosion of gum tissue and swollen lymph nodes beneath the jaw.
 It causes extremely bad breath

A

TRENCH MOUTH

57
Q

is a synergistic infection involving two or more species of anaerobic bacteria of the indigenous oral microflora

A

Pathogens= trench mouth

58
Q

Prevention and control for trench mouth

A

Prevented by good oral hygiene. trench mouth is thought to be noncontagious

59
Q

TRUSH
 A yeast infection of the oral cavity. It is common in infants, elderly patients and immunosuppressed individuals
 White, creamy patches occur on the tongue, mucous membrane and the corners of the mouth
 Can be a manifestation of disseminated Candida infection

A

TRUSH

60
Q

TRUSH
Pathogens

A

yeast, candida albicans, and related species

61
Q

observation of the yeast cells and pseudohyphae (strings of elongated buds) in microscopic examination of wet mounts and culture confirmation

A

TRUSH Diagnosis

62
Q

Inflammation of the colon (large intestine)

A

Colitis

63
Q

 An abnormally frequent discharge of semi solid or fluid fecal matter.
 Some laboratory workers define diarrheal specimen as stool specimen that conform to the shape of the container

A

Diarrhea

64
Q

 Frequent watery stools, accompanied by abdominal pain, fever and dehydration.
 The stool specimen may contain blood or mucus.

A

Dysentery

65
Q

Inflammation of the intestines, usually referring to the small intestine

A

Enteritis

66
Q

Inflammation of mucosal lining of the stomach

A

Gastritis

67
Q

Inflammation of the mucosal linings of the stomach and intestines

A

Gastroenteritis

68
Q

Inflammation of the liver: usually the result of viral infection but can be caused by toxic agents.

A

Hepatitis

69
Q

Inflammation of the liver, can have many causes including alcohol, drugs and viruses.

A

VIRAL HEPATITIS

70
Q

A gram –negative bacillus that is found in the GI tract of all humans.

A

ENTEROVIRULENT Escherichia coli

71
Q

Caused by any of a variety of microorganism introduced by poor personal hygiene, sexual intercourse, the insertion of catheters and other means

A

URINARY TRACT INFECTION (UTIs)

72
Q

Infection of the kidneys especially the parenchyma

A

PYELONEPHRITIS or Nephritis

73
Q

Inflammation of the urinary bladder, the most common type of UTI.cause E. coli

A

CYSTITIS

74
Q

Inflammation of the kidneys.E. colitis the common cause.

A

Nephritis

75
Q

 Inflammation of the one or both ureters.

 Usually caused by the spreading of infection upward from the urinary bladder or downward from the kidneys.

A

UREtitis

76
Q

Inflammation of the urethra. Pathogens are usually transmitted sexually. The most common cause is Chlamydia trachomatis

A

Urethritis

77
Q

Inflammation of the prostate gland. Most often, prostatitis is not an infectious disease

A

Prostatitis

78
Q

Inflammation of the Bartholin’s ducts in females

A

Bartholinitis

79
Q

Inflammation of the cervix (that part of the uterus that opens into the vagina)

A

Cervicitis

80
Q

inflammation of the endometrium (the inner layer of the uterine wall)

A

Endometritis

81
Q

Inflammation of the epididymis (an elongated structure connected to the testis)

A

Epididymitis

82
Q

inflammation of the fallopian tubes; also known as Salpingitis

A

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

83
Q

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)= inflammation of the fallopian tubes; also known as

A

Salpingitis

84
Q

Inflammation of vagina

A

Vaginitis

85
Q

inflammation of the vulva (the external genitalia of females) ND THE VAGINA

A

Vulvovaginitis

86
Q

formerly called Venereal disease (VD. Includes NY OF THE INFECTIOUS TRANSMITTED BY SEXUAL ACTIVITIES.

A

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE (STD)

87
Q

ENDOCARDITIS

 Inflammation of the endocardium- the endothelial membrane that lines the cavities of the heart

A

ENDOCARDITIS

88
Q

inflammation of the myocardium- the muscular walls of the heart

A

Myocarditis

89
Q

inflammation of the pericardium- the membranous sac around the heart.

A

Pericarditis

90
Q

the temporary presence of bacteria in the blood. Results from dental extraction, wounds, bites and damages to the intestinal, respiratory or reproductive tract mucosa.

A

Transient bacteremia

91
Q

inflamed and swollen lymph nodes

A

Lymphadenitis

92
Q

disease lymph nodes

A

Lymphadenopathy

93
Q

inflamed lymphatic vessels

A

lymphangitis

94
Q

disease lymph nodes

A

Lymphadenopathy

95
Q

Infectious disease of CNS

A

brain, spinal cord and three membrane(meninges)

96
Q

inflammation of the brain

A

Encephalitis

97
Q

inflammation of the brain and spinal cord.

A

Encephalomyelitis

98
Q

inflammation of the membranes that surrounds the brain and spinal cord

A

Meningitis

99
Q

inflammation of the brain and meninges

A

Meningoencephalitis

100
Q

inflammation of the spinal cord

A

Myelitis

101
Q

the cause of tetanus

A

Tetanospasmin

102
Q

Symbiotic relationship that is of benefit to one party or symbiont (the parasite and usually detrimental to the other party (the host)

A

PARASITISM

103
Q

Organism that live on or in other living organism (hosts) ta whose expense they gain some advantages.

A

Parasites

104
Q

Parasite that live on the outside of the host body.

A

Ectoparasites

105
Q

whereas those that live inside (parasites)

A

Endoparasites

106
Q

The host that harbors the adult or sexual stage of the parasite or the sexual phase of the life

A

DEFINITIVE HOST

107
Q

the host that harbors the larval or asexual stage of the parasite or asexual phase of life

A

INTERMEDIATE HOST

108
Q

a living organism that can serve as a host in a particular parasites life cycle but not usual host in the life cycle.

A

ACCIDENTAL HOST

109
Q

host from which the parasite cannot continue its life cycle

A

Dead-end host

110
Q

an organism that can be parasitic but does not have to live as a parasite

A

Facultative Parasite

111
Q

most parasites that infect human

A

Obligate parasites

112
Q

study of parasites

A

Parasitology

113
Q

 means parasitic worm

 are multicellular, eukaryotic organism in the Kingdom Animalia

A

HELMINTHS

114
Q

Two division of HELMINTHS

A
  1. ROUNDWORM (nematode or nematodes)

2. Flatworm (Platyhelminthes)

115
Q

ARTHROPODS

3 studies

A
  1. Insects
  2. Arachnids
  3. Crustaceans
116
Q

pick up the parasites at point A and drop it off at point B. Ex; housefly

A

Mechanical Vectors

117
Q

whose body the [pathogen multiplies or matures.

A

Biological Vector

micropara lec (1 decks)

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