cover to cover bagaw ni sir Flashcards
- in its broadest sense, it is defined as the science of motion of projectiles.
Ballistics
Technically, it refers to the
science of firearms identification which involves the scientific examination of ballistics exhibits (fired
bullets, fired shells, firearms and allied matters) used in crimes with the used of scientific equipments such
as bullet comparison microscope and others.
Ballistics
In the sense that it is classified, formulated and verifiable knowledge gathered by observation, research
and experiment and based on scientific theory and using scientific equipment and apparatus.
Ballistics as Science
– a term originated from the Latin word “forum”, meaning “marketplace where people gather for
public disputation or public discussion”.
Forensic
It refers to the properties and attributes of the projectile while still inside the gun. This extends from the
breech to the muzzle of the gun.
Interior Ballistics
It refers to the attributes and movements of the bullet after it has left the gun muzzle.
Exterior Ballistics
It refers to the effects of the impact of the projectile in the target.
Terminal Ballistics
– an English monk and scientist who credited for the invention of gunpowder in 1248.
Roger Bacon
credited for the application of gunpowder for the propelling of a missile in the early 1300s.
Berthold Schwartz
– one of the earliest rifle and pistol makers
Oliver F. Winchester
he designed and invented the semi-automatic US rifle, caliber .30, M1.
John C. Garand
– he gave his name to the whole class of firearms (pistols and rifles)
Henry Deringer
– he was the founder of Colt’s Manufacturing Company and is widely credited with popularizing
the revolver.
Samuel Colt
– he simulated the development of the model 1855 rifle-musket.
James Wolfe Ripley
– he is the founder of Marlin Firearms Company.
John Mahlon Marlin
– one of the first rifle makers.
Eliphalet Remington
– he designed the machinery for making Colt Firearms.
Elisha King Root
– maker of the first known carbine.
David “Carbine” Williams
he is the wizard of modern firearms and pioneered the breech loading single shot rifle. He
was an American Firearm designer who developed many varieties of firearms, cartridge, and gun
mechanisms. He developed the auto loading pistol by inventing the slide design found on nearly every
modern automatic handgun.
John M. Browning
an associate or partner of Smith in revolver making.
Daniel B. Wesson
founded the great firm Smith and Wesson and pioneered the making of the breech-loading
firearms
Horace Smith
– he wrote an article for the Army Ordnance titled “Forensic Ballistics” in which
he described the use of the comparison microscope regarding firearms investigations. He is generally credited
with the conception of the term “forensic ballistics”, and considered as the father of the science.
Col. Calvin H. Goddard M.D.
– he developed the pin-fire cartridge.
Le Faucheux (1836)
– develop the bullet breech cap (rim-fire cartridge)
Flobert (1645)
– develop the first satisfactory smokeless powder.
Vieille (1885)
– built the first fully automatic gun as the silencer
Hiram Maxim (1858)
Found in Section 877 of Revised Administrative Code and Section 290 of National Internal Revenue Code
- firearm or arm includes rifles, muskets, carbines, shotgun, pistols, revolvers, and all other deadly weapons
from which bullets, balls, shots, shells or other missiles maybe discharge by means of gunpowder or other
explosives. This term also includes air rifles except such as being small caliber and of limited range used as
toys. The barrel of a firearm shall be considered a complete firearm for all proposes hereof.
Legal Definition of Firearm
It is an instrument used for the propulsion of projectiles by means of expansive force of gases from burning
gunpowder. (FBI Manual)
- It means any weapon, by whatever name known, which is designed to expel a projectile/s buy the action of
explosive. (Federal Firearm Act)
Technical Definition of Firearm
– can propel projectiles more than one inch. E. g. cannons, mortar, bazookas
artillery
- can propel projectiles less than one inch. E.g. machine gun, shoulder arms and hand arms.
small arms
It means any weapon which shoots or is designed to shoot, automatically or semiautomatically, more
than one shot, without manual reloading, by a single pull of the trigger. It is the principal source of fire power,
not only for ground troops but for aircrafts as well.
Machine gun
It means any weapon designed or intended to be operated from the shoulder and uses the energy of the
explosive in a fixed metallic cartridge to fire only a single projectile through a rifled bore for each single pull of
the trigger. This is designed for targets at a longer distance.
Rifle
It is an ancient smooth-bore and muzzle loading military shoulder arm designed to fire a single round
lead ball. It is usually has a long forestock and arranged to hold a bayonet at the muzzle end. This is a smoothbore without choked and commonly fire a single round lead ball.
Musket
A short barrel rifle, with its barrel measuring not longer than 22 inches. It fires a single projectile
through the rifled bore-bore, either semiautomatic or full automatic, for every press of the trigger. It has a range
greater than that of the pistol or revolver.
Carbine
A smooth-bore and breech loading shoulder arm designed to fire number of pellets or shots in one
charge.
Shotgun
A hand arm equipped with rotating cylinder, serving as magazine, successively places a cartridge into
position for firing.
Revolver
A short barrel hand arm designed to fire single projectile through a rifled-bore for every press of the
trigger. This type of weapon is designed to combine optimum penetration with stopping power and improved
accuracy
Pistol
– point of entry of bullet
– point of exit of bullet
– initiates the path of the bullet
– house of the internal parts
– serves as chamber and magazine
- strikes the blow that initiates or ignites the primer
– disengages center pin to allow opening of cylinder and blocks hammer
– activates the parts necessary to fire the weapon
– safety device that prevents hammer blow to primer.
- Breech end
- Muzzle end
- Barrel
- Frame
- Cylinder
- Hammer
- Bolt
- Trigger
- Hammer block
weapon in which pressure upon the trigger releases the hammer that was be manually cocked.
Single Action
– weapon in which pressure upon the trigger both cock and releases the hammer.
Double Action –
one pull of the trigger would produce one round explosion. The trigger must be released first
before one can fire another round. The cycle of operation is done automatically.
Semi-Automatic
– fire continuously as long as the trigger is pulled.
Automatic
these fire either on automatic or semi-automatic by using the selector level.
Selective
– is the largest gun in history of firearms.
German Gustav
– is the world’s first genuinely effective rapid-fire weapon.
Gatling Gun
– the most powerful handgun in the world made in Israel.
Caliber .50 Magnum
– smallest centerfire cartridge.
2.7 mm Kolibri Auto
- found in Chapter VII, Section 290 of National Internal Revenue Code as well as in Section 877 of Revised
Administrative Code
It refers to a loaded shell for rifles, muskets, carbines, shotguns, revolvers, and pistols from which a ball,
bullet, shot, shell or other missiles may be fired by means of gunpowder or other explosives.
Legal definition of Ammunition
It refers to be a group of cartridges or to a single unit cartridge – meaning a complete unfired unit
consisting of a bullet, cartridge case, gunpowder and primer. The term may also refer to a “single round”.
Technical Definition
– first cartridge of self-exploding type developed by Monsieur Le Facheux of Paris, around
1836. (obsolete)
Pin-fire Cartridge
the priming mixture is contained or located in the cavity inside and around the rim of
the cartridge which is very sensitive area which was developed by Flobert of France, around 1845.
Rim-fire Cartridge
the primer cap is forced into the middle portion of the head of cartridge case.
Centerfire Cartridge
– portion of the cartridge that is bent inward to hold the shots in place.
– it helps to contain the shot, seal off the shot payload from the ignition gases to prevent deformation
and protects the barrel from lead building up.
– small spherical projectiles for shotgun.
- Crimp
- Wads
- Lead shot
It is a metallic or nonmetallic, cylindrical projectile propelled from a firearm by means of expansive
force of gases coming from burning gunpowder.
The term may also include projectiles propelled from shotguns, although strictly speaking these
projectiles designed for shotgun are called “shots”, “slug” or “pellet”.
Bullet/Slug
it is made up of lead or alloy which is slightly harder than pure lead.
Lead Bullet
– those with a core of lead covered by a jacket of harder material.
Jacketed bullet –
is a pointed, flat base bullet with a gliding metal jacket.
Armor-piercing bullet
made up of barium nitrates which are set on fire when the bullet is projected.
Tracer bullet
– commonly made up of phosphorous or other material that can be set on fire by impact.
Incendiary bullet
– is a copper sheath, the jacket, over a core of lead. It is the standard projectile type,
expanding very little, but giving good penetration.
Hard ball
– the bullet will splits to fragment when hitting soft tissues, creating a big
wounds but tends to retain its form when penetrating armor.
Fragmentation or explosive bullet
more effective than round ball because there is fewer surfaces presented to the air and thus
the speed of the bullet is less retarded so quickly.
Pointed bullet
– outlawed for use in war. Any bullet with the core exposed.
Dumdum bullet
is the bullet that will expand on striking on an object and produces much
more serious shock and has correspondingly greater stopping power.
Soft point or mushroom bullet
– is the bullet with a cavity in the nose designed to increase the expansion when it hits
the target.
Hollow point bullet
– is the bullets having soft steel jacket, often clad or plated with gliding metal to
prevent rusting and reduce frictional resistance in the bore.
Steel jacketed bullet
– is a solid copper projectile, heat treated for extra toughness with no separate jacket and no lead
core. It designed by Randy Brooks.
X-bullet
- the portion of the bullet that receives the thrust and heat from the burning gunpowder.
- the area of the bullet that contacts the barrel riffling. A tight fit is required to prevent
chamber pressure leaks and to provide good contact with the rifling grooves.
– the bulk of the mass in the bullet
– length of the bullet from the shoulder to the tip
– the location of the bullet where the heel ends and the bearing surface begins.
– is material that covers some or the entire core.
– is the diameter of the flat or blunt end of the nose of a bullet.
– is the radius of curve between the bearing surface and the point usually stated with respect to the
caliber.
– the most forward point of the ogive.
– is the place on the bullet where the parallel sides’ end and the ogive begin.
- Base
- Bearing surface
- Core
- Head height
- Heel
- Jacket
- Meplat
- Ogive
- Point
- Shoulder
It refers to a tubular metallic or nonmetallic container which holds together the bullet, gunpowder and
primer; and is the portion of cartridge that is automatically ejected from automatic firearm during
firing and these remains in the crime scene.
Catridge Case
- it limits the forward travel of cartridge into their chambers and thus also limit the clearance between
the heads and supporting.
- it limits the forward travel of cartridge into their chambers and thus also limit the clearance between
- – it holds the primer securely in the central position, provide a means to prevent the escape of
gas to the rear of the cartridge and provide a solid support of primer anvils, without which the latter could
not be fired. - – is the hole in the web and serve as opening or canal that connects the priming mixture
with the gunpowder. - – constitute the cork that plug the breech of the barrel against the escape of gas.
- – it is occupied by the bullet.
- – the serrated grooves that are sometimes found rolled into the neck and body of the case at the
location of the bases of the bullet to prevent bullet from being pushed back or loosened.
7.– bottom portion of the case which holds the primer and shellhead. - – portion that supports the neck.
- – circular groove near the base of the case or shell designed for the automatic withdrawal
of the case after firing.
- Rim
- Primer pocket
- Vents/flash hole
- Head/body
- Neck
- Cannelures
(Crimp) - Base
- Shoulder
- Extracting groove
– the diameter of the base of the cartridge is very much bigger than the diameter of the body of the
cartridge.
– the diameter of the rim is slightly greater than the diameter of the body of the cartridge case.
– the diameter of the rim is equal with the diameter of the body of the cartridge case.
– the diameter of the rim is smaller than the body of the cartridge case.
– there is a protruding metal around the body of the cartridge case
• Rimmed
• Semi-rimmed
• Rimless
• Rebated
• Belted
It is a small, self-contained metallic ignition cap at the center or at the cavity of a cartridge case that
when struck by the firing pin combusts and sending sparks through the flash hole of the cases and ignites the
powder charge.
Primer
– the container of priming mixture.
– a highly sensitive chemical mixture contain in the primer cup.
– portion of the primer against which the priming mixture is crushed by blow of firing pin.
– a piece of small paper or disk of tin foil which is pressed to the priming mixture.
a. Primer cup
b. Priming mixture
c. Anvil
d. Disc
The primer cup contains only the priming mixture and the anvil is part of the cartridge case. It contains
two of more vents and requires special tools to remove them easily and not generally reloaded. It was invented
by Hiram Berdan in March 20, 1866.
Berdan Primer
The anvil is an integral part of the primer assembly and contains only one flash hole. This kind of
primer is commonly used in present time for centerfire cartridges. It was invented by American Inventor Col.
Edward M. Boxer on June 29, 1869.
Boxer Primer
It refers to the chemical substances of various compositions, particles sizes, shapes and colors, when
ignited by the primer flash, is converted to gas under high pressure and propels the bullet or shot charge through
the barrel to the target.
Gunpowder
– the oldest form of propellant and when fired produces large volume of grayish smoke and
considerable residue is left in the barrel. It composed of potassium nitrates (75%), sulfur (10%) and charcoal
(15%)
– the powerful propellant used today and made up of nitrocellulose.
• Black powder
• Smokeless powder
- A solid peace of cylindrical metal is drilled by a special deep-hole dill, through the center of w/c
lubricating oil is forced under pressure.
Drilling Stage
Removes scars and scratches left by the drilling operation. The reamer used is slightly greater in
diameter than that of the drill therefore removes excess metal from the entire surface of the bore.
Reaming Stage
The creation of the land and grooves inside the bore to improve projection of the bullet during
firing.
Rifling stage
-broaching cutter that cuts a longitudinal spiral grooves inside the barrel. It produces the
desired number of lands and grooves in a single stroke.
Broaching system
- it produces the desired number of lands and grooves simultaneously but in a different manner. It
does not cut longitudinal spiral grooves inside but it produces the same by depressing a portion of the internal
surface of the bore thus creating the grooves.
Button system
this is the polishing operation wherein a lead plug is used in removing many of the larger
imperfections due to the cutting of forming operation.
Lapping stage
– refers to the raised metal between grooves.
– depressed portion of the gun barrel.
- the number of inches travelled by the bullet to make one complete run.
– the direction of twist whether left or right.
• Lands
• Grooves
• Width of lands and grooves
• Depth of grooves
• Pitch of riflings
• Twist of riflings
– depressed portion caused by lands that can be found in the cylindrical surface of the fired
bullet.
– raised or the elevated portions caused by the grooves that can be found in the cylindrical
surface of the fired bullet.
– found on the anterior portion of the fired bullets and caused by the forward movement of bullet
from the chamber before it initially rotates due to the rifling inside the barrel.
– found on bullet fired though loose fit barrels wherein the riflings are already worn out
a. Lands marks
b. Groove marks
c. Skid marks
d. Stripping marks
This is the most important scientific equipment in a typical Ballistic Laboratory. It is introduced by Dr.
Calvin H. Goddard. Fired bullet and shell are examined in
“JUXTAPOSITION” (at the same time, direction, magnification, image and level or plane).
Bullet Comparison Microscope
It is generally used in the primary examinations of fired bullet and shells to determine the relative
distribution of the class characteristics or for orientation purposes. It can also be used in the closed-up
examination of tampered serial numbers of firearms.
Stereoscopic Microscope
It contains series of microscopic lenses of different magnifications that can be used in examining fired
bullets or fired shells to determine the class characteristics and also for orientation purposes.
Shadowgraph
Similar to bullet comparison micro-scope in which two fired bullets of shell can be compared
simultaneously by projecting the image on a large screen and is observe at a vertical and comfortable viewing.
CP-6 Comparison Projector
It is to obtain test fired bullets or test fired shells for examination and comparison to the questioned
bullets or shell. This consist of a wooden box, 12”x12”x96”, with a hinged top cover and one end open. This
long box is commonly filled with cotton but sometimes water tank, sawdust with oil, sand, waste threads, darak,
banana trunks or rubber strips can be used and separated by cardboard.
Bullet Recovery Box
It is used in measuring pitch of riflings of firearms. This instrument is generally used in highly advanced
ballistics laboratory. With this instrument it is possible to measure the angle of twist in a rifled pistol or revolver
barrel. It is used in inserting the telescope and aligning it with the axis of the bore. The scope is mounted in a
rotatable bearing, with a graduated disc which permits reading circular measurements to three minutes of an arc.
Helixometer
This is used in making measurements such as bullet diameter, bore diameter, barrel length and other
important details.
Micrometer/Caliper
Used for determining weights of bullets or shotgun pellets – for possible determination of type, caliber
and make of firearms from which fired.
Analytical or Torsion Balance
A small instrument sometimes used in examining the internal surface of the gun barrel. It has a tiny
lamp at the terminal portion and this is inserted inside the bore fro internal examination.
Onoscope
Used primarily for determining the bore diameter of firearms.
Taper Gauge
Used in the laboratory for marking fired bullets, fired shells and firearms submitted for examination.
Electric Gun Marker
– 4RGL
– 5RGL
– 6RG2X
– 6LG2X
– 7RG3X
– 4RG3X
• Steyr Type
• Smith and Wesson Type
• Browning Type
• Colt Type
• Webley Type
• Army Type
– the diameter which the bore was reamed. It is the distance measured between
two opposite lands inside the bore.
– the number of lands is always equal with the number of grooves.
– it is the remainder of the circumference after subtracting the groove width.
– it cause the bullet to rotate as it passes through the barrel for the bullet to have
gyroscopic motion during its flight.
– measured on the radius of the bore as seen in cross section. It is equal to the height
of the side of a lands.
– it is the twist of lands and grooves. It also refers to the distance advanced by the
riflings in a complete run.
- Bore diameter/caliber
- Number of lands and grooves
- Width of lands
- d. Direction of twist
- e. Depth of groove
- f. Pitch of riflings
