Coursology Flashcards
What are the early symptoms of frontotemporal dementia?
Early personality change, executive dysfunction, compulsivity, and hyperorality.
These symptoms can significantly impact social interactions and daily functioning.
What type of protein abnormalities are associated with frontotemporal dementia?
Neurofibrillary tangles due to abnormal tau proteins and pathologically ubiquitinated TDP-43.
Neurofibrillary tangles are also observed in Alzheimer dementia, while TDP-43 abnormalities are seen in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
What is a characteristic positive test result for pulmonary embolism in ventilation/perfusion scanning?
A large perfusion defect without ventilation defect
This indicates that blood flow is impaired in the area, but air flow remains normal.
What should be considered in patients younger than age 50 who present with thrombosis?
Inherited causes of hypercoagulability
These patients may have no obvious explanation for an acquired prothrombotic state.
What mutation is associated with factor Va resistance to inactivation by activated protein C?
Factor V Leiden mutation
This mutation can lead to an increased risk of thrombosis.
What is the effect of acute ethanol ingestion on acetaminophen metabolism?
Decreased conversion of acetaminophen to NAPQI
What is N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine?
A toxic metabolite of acetaminophen
How does acute ethanol ingestion affect acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity?
Potentially reduces it
What is the effect of chronic alcohol consumption on NAPQI concentrations?
Increases NAPQI concentrations
What risk is associated with chronic alcohol consumption during an acetaminophen overdose?
Increased risk of hepatotoxicity
True or False: Acute ingestion of ethanol increases the risk of hepatotoxicity from acetaminophen.
False
What are the most common causes of congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens (CBAVD)?
CFTR gene mutations are the most common cause of CBAVD.
What is a case-control study?
A case-control study is used to compare the exposure status of people with the disease (cases) to the exposure status of people without the disease (controls).
What is the main measure of association in a case-control study?
The main measure of association is the odds ratio.
What is the most important risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma?
Long-standing gastroesophageal reflux disease.
What other factors increase the risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma?
Obesity, smoking, medications that lower esophageal sphincter pressure, and consumption of nitroso compounds.
What happens to systemic vascular resistance during pregnancy?
decreases.
What changes occur in plasma blood volume during pregnancy?
Plasma blood volume increases.
What causes peripheral edema during pregnancy?
Decreased capillary oncotic pressure
What is associated with gastroschisis?
The condition is associated with abnormally elevated maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein levels.
Does portal vein thrombosis cause histologic changes to the hepatic parenchyma?
No, it does not cause histologic changes to the hepatic parenchyma.
Is ascites common in portal vein thrombosis?
Ascites is uncommon as the obstruction is presinusoidal; ascites typically only develops in conditions that cause sinusoidal hypertension.
How do tumors increase resistance to chemotherapy?
By increasing expression of P-glycoprotein.
What is the treatment for congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency?
Low doses of exogenous corticosteroids to suppress excess ACTH secretion.
What is delirium?
Delirium may manifest as acute changes in cognition and behavior.
What should be used when nonpharmacological interventions for delirium are ineffective?
Low-dose antipsychotics (e.g., haloperidol) are the medications of choice.
