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AP English Language and Composition > Course Terminology > Flashcards

Course Terminology Flashcards

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Proverbs and Idioms flashcards
1
Q

ad hominem

A

a fallacy of argument in which the writer responds with irrelevant attacks on a person’s character rather than their claims

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2
Q

ad populum

A

a fallacy of argument in which the argument is considered sound simply due to its broad acceptance

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3
Q

allegory

A

the device of using character and/or story elements to represent an abstraction beyond the literal meaning

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4
Q

alliteration

A

the repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds, in neighboring words

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5
Q

allusion

A

a direct or indirect reference to a commonly known event, book, myth, place, or work of art

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6
Q

ambiguity

A

the multiple meanings (whether or not intentional) of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage

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7
Q

analogy

A

a similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them

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8
Q

anaphora

A

a figure of speech involving repetition, particularly of the same word at the beginning of several clauses

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9
Q

anecdote

A

a brief story used to illustrate a point or claim

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10
Q

antagonist

A

a person or force opposing the protagonist

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11
Q

anti-hero

A

a notable figure in a story who lacks heroic qualities (courage, physical prowess, and perseverance) and feels helpless in a world over which they have no control

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12
Q

antimetabole

A

repetition of identical words in reverse order

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13
Q

antithesis

A

the opposition or contrast of ideas; the direct opposite

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14
Q

aphorism

A

a short statement (of known authorship) which expresses a general truth or moral principle

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15
Q

apology

A

a defense is the framework for a discussion

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16
Q

apostrophe

A

a figure of speech that directly addresses someone or something that cannot answer

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17
Q

appeal

A

means of persuasion

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18
Q

logos

A

appeals to logic through use of facts and science

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19
Q

pathos

A

appeals to emotion by stimulating pity and sorrow

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20
Q

ethos

A

appeals to credibility and character of writer

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21
Q

archetype

A

patterns that recur in legends, ceremonies, and stories

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22
Q

argument

A

expression of a point of view, accompanied with evidence

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23
Q

aside

A

a short soliloquy

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24
Q

assonance

A

repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds

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25
Q

asyndenton

A

a style where conjunctions are omitted

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26
Q

atmosphere

A

the emotional feeling of a literary work, established through setting and descriptions

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27
Q

attitude

A

tone, voice, and mood of writing`

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28
Q

balance

A

a situation in which all parts of the presentation are equal

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29
Q

bandwagon

A

see “ad populum fallacy” (everyone’s doing it so it must be right)

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30
Q

begging the question

A

a fallacy in which a claim is based on doubted support, therefore “begging the question” that the evidence is sound

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31
Q

cacophony

A

harsh or jarring sounds in a line or passage

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32
Q

canon

A

accepted as authentic

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33
Q

caricature

A

a description used to exaggerate a person’s distinctive qualities for comedic effect

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34
Q

character

A

a person in a literary work

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35
Q

round character

A

has many traits

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36
Q

flat character

A

has few traits

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37
Q

static character

A

character who doesn’t change as a result of the story

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38
Q

dynamic character

A

character who changes as a result of the story

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39
Q

characterization

A

outlining the qualities of a particular character

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40
Q

direct characterization

A

writer directly tells what a character is like through description and dialogue

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41
Q

indirect characterization

A

the reader has to figure out what a character is like based on their actions and thoughts

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42
Q

chiasumus

A

repetition of grammatical structures in inverted order

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43
Q

circular reasoning

A

argument repeats a claim in order to provide evidence

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44
Q

claim

A

a statement of an argument’s main idea or position

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45
Q

cause and effect

A

seeks to explain the chain of how things relate to each other

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46
Q

fact

A

asserts that something is true or untrue

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47
Q

policy

A

proposes a change

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48
Q

value

A

argues that something is good or bad, right or wrong

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49
Q

problem/solution

A

an issue and its solved outcome

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50
Q

cliche

A

a trite, stereotyped expression that has become overused to the point of little impact or meaning

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51
Q

colloquial(ism)

A

the use of slang or informalities in speech or writing

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52
Q

comic relief

A

the use of a humorous character or scene to contrast with tragic elements of a work

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53
Q

common ground

A

a basis of mutual interest or agreement that is established in the course of an argument

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54
Q

comparison/contrast

A

the examination of similarities and differences between a group of things

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55
Q

conceit

A

a prolonged comparison of two unlikely things (often in the form of an extended metaphor or analogy)

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56
Q

concession

A

an acknowledgment that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable

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57
Q

confirmation

A

the development of proof in an argument through the use of claims and supporting evidence

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58
Q

conflict

A

a disagreement

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59
Q

internal conflict

A

a struggle between opposing needs, desires, or emotions within a single character

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60
Q

external conflict

A

a character struggles against an outside force; often society, nature, or another character

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61
Q

connotation

A

the non-literal, associative meaning of a word

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62
Q

consonance

A

repetition of two or more consonants in close proximity

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63
Q

context

A

the entire situation surrounding a piece of writing

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64
Q

convention

A

accepted manner, model, or tradition

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65
Q

conviction

A

a belief that a claim or course of action is true or reasonable

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66
Q

counter argument

A

an argument in opposition to another

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67
Q

couplet

A

two consecutive lines of poetry that form a unit

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68
Q

credibility

A

an impression of integrity, honesty, and trustworthiness conveyed by a writer in an argument

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69
Q

critique

A

a detailed analysis or assessment

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70
Q

deductive reasoning

A

argument in which specific conclusions are drawn from general principles

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71
Q

denotation

A

the strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word

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72
Q

deux ex machine

A

an unexpected power or event saving a hopeless situation

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73
Q

dialect

A

way of speaking that is characteristic of a particular region or group of people

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74
Q

diction

A

specific word choice to persuade or convey tone

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75
Q

didactic

A

words with the intention of teaching or instructing (especially moral or ethical principles)

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76
Q

digression

A

a message that departs from the main subject

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77
Q

discourse

A

discussion on a specific topic

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78
Q

exposition

A

explain and analyze information by presenting an idea

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79
Q

description

A

recreate, invent, or visually present something for the reader to understand

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80
Q

narration

A

tells about an event, story, experience, etc.

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81
Q

dogmatism

A

a fallacy of argument in which a claim is supported on the grounds that it’s the only acceptable conclusion within a given community

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82
Q

either/or argument

A

a fallacy in which two extreme options are presented as the only options

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83
Q

elegy

A

poetic lament upon the death of a particular person

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84
Q

ellipsis

A

three periods in a row; indicating that some material has been omitted

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85
Q

enthymeme

A

a syllogism with one of the premises implied and taken for granted as understood

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86
Q

epigraph

A

a quotation or aphorism at the beginning of a literary work that is suggestive of the theme

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87
Q

epistrophe

A

repetition of a phrase at the end of sentences

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88
Q

epitaph

A

praise for a dead person; usually on a headstone

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89
Q

equivocation

A

a fallacy of argument in which a lie is given the appearance of truth, or in which the truth is misrepresented in deceptive language

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90
Q

eulogy

A

a speech or prose in praise of a deceased person

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91
Q

euphemism

A

a less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept

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92
Q

euphony

A

pleasant, melodious presentation of sounds in a literary work

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93
Q

exordium

A

the beginning or introductory part of a treaty or argument; establishes ethos and purpose of discourse

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94
Q

extended metaphor

A

a metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently throughout a literary work

95
Q

fable

A

a short story in which animals or objects speak to teach a moral or religious lesson

96
Q

fallacy

A

a failure of reasoning in an argument

97
Q

figurative language

A

writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning

98
Q

figure of speech

A

any device used to produce figurative language

99
Q

flashback

A

a device that enables a writer to refer to past thoughts, events, or episodes

100
Q

foil

A

a character that contrasts with another character (usually the protagonist) and highlights various traits of the main character’s personality

101
Q

form

A

the shape or structure of a literary work

102
Q

Freudian terms

A

terms coined by neurologist Sigmund Freud

103
Q

ID

A

instant gratification, impulsive actions, subconscious selfishness

104
Q

EGO

A

balances ID and SUPEREGO and makes decisions based on advice from both

105
Q

SUPEREGO

A

moral compass, causes guilt, can punish self for not meeting expectations

106
Q

Freytag’s Pyramid

A

diagram of dramatic structure (exposition - rising action - climax - falling action - resolution)

107
Q

genre

A

the major category into which a literary work fits

108
Q

grounds

A

reasons or supporting evidence

109
Q

hasty generalization

A

basing an argument on limited or insufficient evidence

110
Q

homily

A

a serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice

111
Q

hyperbole

A

a figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement

112
Q

imagery

A

the sensory details or figurative language used to describe something

113
Q

inductive reasoning

A

argument in which general conclusions are drawn from specific facts

114
Q

inference

A

to draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented

115
Q

innuendo

A

subtle or indirect observation about a person or thing (usually of disparaging nature)

116
Q

intended readers

A

the actual people whom a writer consciously wants to address in a piece of writing

117
Q

invective

A

an emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language

118
Q

inversion

A

inverted order of words in a sentence

119
Q

invoked readers

A

the readers directly addressed or implied in a text (whether intended or not by the author)

120
Q

irony

A

the contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant, or the difference between what appears to be true and what is actually true

121
Q

verbal irony

A

when the words literally state the opposite of the writer’s (or speaker’s) meaning

122
Q

situational irony

A

when events turn out the opposite of what was expected

123
Q

dramatic irony

A

when facts or events are unknown to a character but known to the reader, audience, or other characters

124
Q

isocolon

A

succession of clauses of approximately equal length and structure

125
Q

jargon

A

specialized or technical language of a trade, profession, or similar group

126
Q

judgment/value

A

evaluation about the accuracy or error of something, usually based on a particular set of values

127
Q

juxtaposition

A

placement of two things close together to emphasize similarities or differences

128
Q

leading questions

A

a question that prompts or encourages the desired answer

129
Q

litote

A

a form of understatement that involves making an affirmative point by denying its opposite

130
Q

logic

A

process of reasoning

131
Q

logical fallacies

A

potential vulnerabilities or weaknesses in an argument

132
Q

metaphor

A

a figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other

133
Q

metonymy

A

a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated thing

134
Q

monologue

A

a long speech given by one person in the company of others (not to be confused with soliloquy)

135
Q

mood

A

the prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work

136
Q

motif

A

repetition or variations of an image or idea in a work (used to develop theme or characters)

137
Q

narrative

A

the telling of a story or an account of an event

138
Q

non sequitur

A

a fallacy of argument in which claims, reasons, or warrants fail to connect logically

139
Q

occasion

A

the time and place a speech is given or a piece is written

140
Q

onomatopoeia

A

a figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the form of words

141
Q

overgeneralization

A

statements that are so general that they oversimplify reality

142
Q

oxymoron

A

a figure of speech in which the author groups apparently contradictory terms together to suggest a paradox

143
Q

pacing

A

movement of a literary piece from one point to another

144
Q

parable

A

a short story that operates on more than one level and usually teaches a moral lesson

145
Q

paradox

A

a statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer examination contains some degree of truth or validity

146
Q

paralepsis

A

giving emphasis by professing to say little or nothing about a subject but still (somehow) reveals it

147
Q

parody

A

a work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule

148
Q

pedantic

A

words, phrases, or general tone that are overly scholarly, academic, or bookish

149
Q

persona

A

the aspect of someone’s character that is presented to or perceived by others

150
Q

personification

A

a figure of speech in which the author presents concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions

151
Q

persuasion

A

a type of argument that aims to change a person’s attitude or behavior

152
Q

plot

A

a sequence of events in a literary work

153
Q

point of view

A

the perspective from which a story is told

154
Q

first person

A

the narrator tells the story with the first person pronoun (“I”)

155
Q

third person

A

the narrator relates the events with the third person pronouns (“he”, “she”, “it”)

156
Q

third person omniscient

A

the narrator presents the thoughts and actions of any and all characters

157
Q

third person limited

A

the narrator presents the feelings and thoughts of only one character and only the actions of the rest

158
Q

polysyndeton

A

sentence that uses “and” or other conjunctions multiple times with no commas to separate items in a series

159
Q

post-hoc argument

A

a fallacy of argument that implies that anything is a cause simply because it happened earlier (“correlation does not imply causation”)

160
Q

precedents

A

actions or decisions in the past that have established a pattern or model for subsequent actions

161
Q

premise

A

a statement or position regarded as true and upon which other claims are based

162
Q

prior knowledge

A

knowledge that stems from previous experience

163
Q

prolepsis

A

the anticipation and answering of possible objections

164
Q

propaganda

A

an argument advancing a point of view without regard to reason, fairness, or truth

165
Q

prose

A

“ordinary writing” that is made up of sentences and paragraphs without any metrical (or rhyming) structure

166
Q

protagonist

A

character that the reader is meant to be concerned with

167
Q

pun

A

a play on words that are either identical in sound or similar in sound but are sharply different in meaning

168
Q

purpose

A

the goal the speaker wants to achieve

169
Q

qualifier

A

words or phrases that are added to another word to modify its meaning, either by limiting or enhancing it

170
Q

qualitative evidence

A

evidence supported by reason, tradition, or precedent

171
Q

quantitative evidence

A

includes things that can be measured, cited, counted, or otherwise represented in numbers

172
Q

realism

A

describing nature/life without idealization

173
Q

rebuttal

A

gives voice to possible objections

174
Q

red herring

A

when a writer raises an irrelevant issue to draw attention away from the real issue

175
Q

refutation

A

a denial of the validity of an opposing argument

176
Q

repetition

A

the duplication, either exact or approximate, or any element of language

177
Q

rhetoric

A

the art of finding ways of persuading an audience through language

178
Q

rhetorical analysis

A

an examination of how well the components of an argument work together to persuade or move an audience

179
Q

rhetorical question

A

a figure of speech in the form of a question posed for rhetorical effect rather than the purpose of getting an answer

180
Q

rhetorical situation

A

the relationship between topic, author, audience, and other contexts that determine or evoke an appropriate response

181
Q

Rogerian argument

A

an approach to argumentation based on the principle that audiences respond best when they don’t feel threatened

182
Q

sarcasm

A

bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something

183
Q

satire

A

the use of humor to ridicule human weaknesses, vices, or stupidity with the hope of bringing about social reform

184
Q

scare tactic

A

a fallacy of argument in which an issue is presented in terms of exaggerated threats or dangers

185
Q

scheme

A

a figure of speech that involves a special arrangement of words, such as inversion

186
Q

semantics

A

the branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of words, their historical and psychological development, their connotations, and their relations to one another

187
Q

setting

A

time and place of a literary work

188
Q

simile

A

direct comparison that uses “like” or “as”

189
Q

slippery slope

A

a fallacy of argument exaggerating the possibility that a relatively inconsequential action or choice today will have serious consequences in the future

190
Q

SOAPS

A

the elements of a historical situation - subject, occasion, audience, purpose, speaker

191
Q

abstract

A

language that describes concepts rather than concrete images

191
Q

soliloquy

A

a prolonged aside heard only by the speaker and audience (no other characters)

193
Q

spin

A

a kind of political advocacy that makes any fact or event, no matter how unfavorable, serve a political purpose

194
Q

stacking the deck

A

fallacy of argument in which the writer shows only one side of the argument

195
Q

stance

A

a speaker’s attitude toward the audience (not to be confused with tone, or attitude towards the subject)

196
Q

straw man argument

A

a fallacy of argument in which an opponent’s position is misrepresented as being more extreme than in actually is (so it’s easier to refute)

197
Q

structure

A

the organization and form of a work

198
Q

style

A

the way an author writes, including classification and comparison to other writers

199
Q

syllogism

A

a form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion

200
Q

symbolism

A

anything that represents itself and stands for something else

201
Q

synecdoche

A

figure of speech that uses a part to represent a whole

202
Q

synesthesia

A

when one kind of sensory stimulus evokes the subjective experience of another

203
Q

synthesis

A

combining two or more ideas in order to create something more complex in support of a new idea

204
Q

syntax

A

the way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences

205
Q

tautology

A

repetition of the same statement

206
Q

testimony

A

a personal experience or observation used to support an argument

207
Q

theme

A

the central idea or message of a work

208
Q

thesis

A

the statement that directly expresses the author’s opinion, purpose, meaning, or position

209
Q

tone

A

the author’s attitude towards his material, the audience, or both

210
Q

Toulmin model

A

an approach to analyzing and constructing arguments that can be stated as a template: “because (evidence), therefore (claim), since (warrant or assumption), on account of (backing), unless (observation)”

211
Q

transition

A

a word or phrase that links different ideas

212
Q

understatement

A

the ironic minimizing of fact

213
Q

verisimilitude

A

the appearance of being true

214
Q

vernacular

A

language spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region

215
Q

voice

A

source of words behind a story

216
Q

vulgate

A

common, recognized text or version of a work

217
Q

warrant

A

expresses the assumption necessarily shared by the speaker and the audience

218
Q

wit

A

intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights

219
Q

zeugma

A

use of two different words in a grammatically similar way that produces different meanings

220
Q

antecedent

A

the word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun

221
Q

clause

A

a grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb

222
Q

complex sentence

A

a sentence that includes one independent clause and at lease one dependent clause

223
Q

compound sentence

A

a sentence that includes at least two independent clauses

224
Q

cumulative sentence

A

a sentence that completes the main idea at the beginning of the sentence then builds or adds on

225
Q

horative sentence

A

a sentence that exhorts, urges, entreats, implores, or calls to action

226
Q

imperative sentence

A

a sentence used to command or enjoin

227
Q

loose sentence / non-periodic sentence

A

a sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses

228
Q

parallelism

A

also known as parallel structure

229
Q

periodic sentence

A

the opposite of a loose sentence, a sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end

230
Q

subject complement

A

the word or clause that follows a linking verb and completes the subject of the sentence by either renaiming it or describing it

231
Q

predicate nominative

A

a noun, group of nouns, or noun clause that renames the subject

232
Q

predicate adjective

A

an adjective, group of adjectives, or adjective clause that follows a linking verb

233
Q

subordinate clause

A

a clause that cannot stand alone, (often begin with although, because, unless, if, even though, since, as soon as, while, who, when, where, how, that)

AP English Language and Composition (1 decks)

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