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DAT Organic Chemistry > Course Saver OChem > Flashcards

Course Saver OChem Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the species that donates (makes bond providing the electrons) electrons?

A

Nucleophile

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2
Q

What is the species that accepts electrons to form a bond?

A

Electrophile

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3
Q

What increases Melting Point?

A

Branching

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4
Q

What decreases Boiling Point?

A

Branching

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5
Q

What is Hydrogen Bonding?

A
  • a super strong dipole-dipole force
  • must have hydrogen bonded to F, O, or N to H-bond as a pure liquid
  • only need F, O, N to hydrogen bond with protic compounds
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6
Q

Rank the 5 IMF according to Boiling Point, from highest to lowest.

A

1) Network Covalent (Cdiamond , SiO2)
2) Ionic
3) Hydrogen Bonding
4) Dipole-Dipole
5) London Forces

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7
Q

What is the bond angle and geometry of a molecule that is sp hybridized?

A

180 degrees

Linear

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8
Q

What is the bond angle and geometry of a molecule that is sp2 hybridized?

A

120 degrees

Trigonal Planar

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9
Q

What is the bond angle and geometry of a molecule that is sp3 hybridized?

A

109.5 degrees

Tetrahedral

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10
Q

What is the periodic trend for nucleophiles in aprotic solvents?

A 
<----------  ^
C N O F  
           Cl 
           Br 
            I
Nuc strength in aprotic (not capable of H-bonding) solvents, Increases as you go to the left and up the periodic table.

*(same as basicity)



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11
Q

What is the periodic trend for nucleophiles in protic solvents?

A 
<----------  v
C N O F  
           Cl 
           Br 
            I    
Nuc strength in protic solvents, Increases as you go to the left and down the periodic table.
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12
Q

What are the 3 common electrophiles?

A
  1. Carbocation
  2. Alkyal Hallide (Leaving Group)
  3. Carbonyl Carbon
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13
Q

What is the formula for degrees of unsaturation?

A

C(n)H(2n+2)

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14
Q

How do you determine if an organic reaction is oxidation?

A

If the molecule gains a bond(s) to a more electronegative atom than carbon (N, O, F, Cl, Br, I).

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15
Q

How do you determine if an organic reaction is reduction?

A

If the molecule gains a bond(s) to Hydrogen (less electronegative atom than carbon).

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16
Q

What does the addition of a DB or a ring do to the saturation?

A

Addition of a ring or a DB, is equivalent to losing 2 hydrogens.

17
Q

How does Halogens in the molecule formula effect the saturation?

A

Count the Halogens as if they were Hydrogens.

Ex. C4H6Cl4 = saturated (H6 + Cl4 = H10)

18
Q

How does having Nitrogen in the molecular formula effect the saturation?

A

For every Nitrogen added, you add a Hydrogen to the saturation formula.

Ex. C4H11N = saturated

19
Q

More negatively charged species are typically more ____, and more positively charged species are typically more _____.

A

Basic

Acidic

20
Q

The larger and/or more electronegative the atom with a negative charge, the more ____ it is (making it a ____ base).

A

Stable

Weaker or less reactive base

21
Q

Molecules with the same chemical formula

A

Isomers

22
Q

Isomers that have different bond connectivity

A

Constitutional (structural) Isomers

23
Q

Isomers that have the same bond connectivity BUT have a different 3D arrangement

A

Stereoisomers

  • cis/trans
  • chiral centers (R/S)
24
Q

What compounds have non-superimposable (non-identical) mirror images called enantiomers?

A

Chiral

25
Q

What compounds have mirror images that are superimposable (identical)?

A

Achiral

26
Q

A 50/50 mixture of enantiomers is called a racemic mixture and is optically ____.

A

inactive (doesn’t rotate light)

27
Q

Stereoisomers that are not enantiomers. 2 or more stereoisomers of a compound have different R/S designations at 1 or more (but not all) stereocenters.

A

Diastereomers

28
Q

Electron donating groups make nucleophiles _____

A

Stronger

29
Q

Electron donating groups make bases _____

A

Stronger

30
Q

Electron withdrawing groups make nucleophiles _____

A

Weaker

31
Q

Electron withdrawing groups make bases _____

A

Weaker

32
Q

Electron donating groups make electrophiles _____

A

Weaker

33
Q

Electron donating groups make acids _____

A

Weaker

34
Q

Electron withdrawing groups make electrophiles _____

A

Stronger

35
Q

Electron withdrawing groups make acids _____

A

Stronger

36
Q

In EAS reactions which is more reactive the reactant or the product?

A

The reactant (benzene).

  • The addition of the electrophile (e- withdrawing group) deactivates the ring.
37
Q

Which is more acidic and why, -OH or phenols?

A

Phenols are more acidic because the conjugated base is resonance stabilized.

38
Q

What affect do electron withdrawing groups have on the acidity of Phenols?

A

Increase the acidity.

  • They stabilize the conjugate base, making it a weaker base. Therefore the conjugate phenol acid is stronger.
39
Q

What affect do electron donating groups have on the acidity of Phenols?

A

Decrease the acidity.

  • Adding more electrons to the conjugate base increases its basicity, therefore decreasing the acidity of the phenol.

DAT Organic Chemistry (1 decks)

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