Course Notes Flashcards
What are three types of learning environments?
Individual, competitive, , Co-operative
What are five elements of co-operative learning
- Positive interdependence
- Individual accountability
- Face to face interaction
- Group heterogeneity
- Interpersonal skill development and scaffolding
What are three types of co-operative activities
- Student Teams Achievement Division (STAD)
- Team-Games-Tournament (TGT)
- Jigsaw 2
What are three things that the Zone of Proximal Development (Vgotsky) uses?
Scaffolding: The processing of providing support (cues, hints, reminders) that move the learner through the ZPD
ZPD: The zone between what the learner can do independently and what he or she can accomplish with scaffolding
Humanism: Focus is the relationship between the learner and the teacher that allows the learner to grow toward independence
What are three memory-oriented strategies
Mnemonics
Acrostics: link the first letter of each word with another word beginning with the same letter in a sentence
Loci Method: lnking each piece of information with a location/ route (in the first place)
When do you use indirect teaching?
When the goal is for the students to learn concepts, patterns or abstractions.
This is type 2 learning.
What is indirect teaching
Based on constructivism. Critical, higher level thinking. Students create tentative rules based on their experiences. Role of teacher is to set up experiences that support rule or are discrepant with that. Transcends subject area and links content.
Define inductive reasoning
Reasoning that begins with one or more observations and generates a theory or generalization.
What is deductive reasoning
Top-down reasoning that begins with a theory or generalization and tests individual obserrvations to see if they support or fail to support the theory or generalization.
What is the goal of type 1 learning
Check understanding
What is the teachers role in discussion in indirect instruction
Focus moves away from teachers, serves as a moderator, when students go down rabbit holes that bring them back.
What are three benefits of group discussion
Democratic approach
Nurtures critical thinking skills
Teaches discussion skills, its ok to be wrong sometimes but be open to another point of view.
What are three kinds of large groups discussions
Teacher directed conversation: teacher draws out ideas, encourages multiple perspectives.
Open-ended: teacher joins rather than mediates discussion, can turn into debates, students decide direction of discussion.
Posing challenging questions: socratic method Questions lead to questions. Teachers role is to challege students beliefs.
What are three discussion tasks for smalls groups/ pairs
Brainstorming
Role playing
Simulation - recreation of real lie events.
What is the usual pattern of questioning in a classroom
Teacher provides information
Teacher asks question
Student answers
Teacher responds
What are 10 purposes of questions
- Provoke interest- hook
- Diagnose difficulties- are you on track
- Check prior learning- beginning
- Managerial information
- Foster higher-thinking
- Redirect student thinking
- Allow exploration of opinions/ feelings, clarify values
- To discover reasons/ link causes and effect
- Encourage imagination- what if versus what is
- Maintain interaction
What are characteristic of good questions
- are arranged in a logical order
- have a variety within the arrangement, but not within a specific question
- give rise to student questions
- build on student answers
- relate to students background
- are planned ahead of time
What is convergent questioning or direct questioning?
- Goal is to elicit a correct answer that is very limited in terms of what is acceptable
- converge means to tend to a common result
- through gathering and sorting data, students are lead to a predeterminded endpoint
What are some common difficulties in questioning
Asking students to speak for everybody Double questions Overly complex questions Ambiguous questions Answer provided in the question Guess what is on my mind questions Questions as punishments
How much time should you wait after asking a question
At least 3 seconds
