Course intro

Question 1

Which clinical trial is the gold standard?

Answer 1

RCT

Question 2

What are characteristics of clinical trials?

Answer 2

Show safety and efficacy
Randomization
Any differences result of presence/absence of treatment
Low generalizability

Question 3

What are types of outcomes?

Answer 3

Observational
OR
Quasi-experimental study designs

Question 4

What are characteristics of outcomes trials?

Answer 4

No randomization
Differences could be present to underlying differences between groups of people
Highly generalizable

Question 5

What are the types of cohorts?

Answer 5

Closed
Fixed
Open

Question 6

What is a closed cohort?

Answer 6

Group followed from start to pre-defined time end

People cannot enter or leave

Question 7

What is a fixed cohort?

Answer 7

When follow-up time is same for all members of group

Question 8

What is an open cohort?

Answer 8

People can enter or leave cohort over chosen time-frame

Question 9

What are economic outcomes?

Answer 9

Direct and indirect costs

Question 10

What are clinical outcomes?

Answer 10

A1c, asthma control, BP, etc

Question 11

What are humanistic outcomes?

Answer 11

QOL

Satisfaction with care

Question 12

What is a prevalent user?

Answer 12

Those who are using drug before analysis

Question 13

What is an incident user?

Answer 13

Those who start using drug during analysis

Question 14

How do we calculate the exposed incidence rate?

Answer 14

R(exposed) = (# w/outcome) / (Total number exposed)

Question 15

How do we calculate the unexposed incidence rate?

Answer 15

R(unexposed) = (# w/outcome) / (Total number unexposed)

Question 16

How is the risk ratio calculated?

Answer 16

R(exposed)/R(unexposed)

Question 17

What does a risk ratio = 1 mean?

Answer 17

No difference in risk

Question 18

What does a risk ratio > 1 mean?

Answer 18

Increased risk

Question 19

What does a risk ratio < 1 mean?

Answer 19

Decreased risk

Question 20

What is the risk difference?

Answer 20

R(exposed) - R(unexposed)

Question 21

What is a good control?

Answer 21

Member of the controls would be a case if they developed the condition

Question 22

What are control sources?

Answer 22

Population
Hospital/clinic
Friend/spouse/relative

Question 23

What are sources of exposure?

Answer 23

Self-report

Administrative records

Question 24

What are forms of self-report?

Answer 24

Telephone
In-person questionnaire
Self-administered (online)
Most common

Question 25

Where are administrative records taken from?

Answer 25

Hospital/clinic records

Claims data**