Course Intro

Question 1

Metabolism:

Answer 1

all of the processes used to handle a particular substance within the body

Question 2

Glycolysis

Answer 2

Glucose → Pyruvate (or Lactate)

breakdown of glucose, catabolic

Question 3

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 3

Lactate/Amino acids/Glycerol → Glucose

anabolic process used to create glucose

Question 4

PP Pathway

Answer 4

Glucose → 5C-sugars → 6C + 3C sugars

anabolic process, used to generate NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate

Question 5

Glyconeogenesis

Answer 5

Glycogen → Glucose-P (or Glucose)

catabolic; breaking down glycogen into glucose to provide energy

Question 6

Glycogenesis

Answer 6

Glucose or Glucose-P → Glycogen

anabolic process; synthesizes glycogen to store glucose

Question 7

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

Answer 7

Pyruvate → Acetyl-CoA

converts pyruvate into acetly-coa for entry into CAC; catabolic process

Question 8

Citric acid cycle

Answer 8

Acetyl-CoA → 2CO2

catabolic process; oxidize acetyl-CoA to produce energy-rich molecules like ATP, NADH, and FADH₂

Question 9

Protein synthesis

Answer 9

Amino acids → protein

anabolic

Question 10

protein degradation

Answer 10

protein → amino acids

catabolic

Question 11

amino acid catabolism

Answer 11

amino acids → CO2 + H2O + urea or ammonia

catabolic process; breakdown of amino acids

Question 12

fatty acid synthesis

Answer 12

acetyl-coa → palmitate

Question 13

β-oxidation

Answer 13

fatty acyl-coa → acetyl-coa

catabolic process: breakdown for fatty acids into acetyl coa for energy

Question 14

triacylglycerol synthesis

Answer 14

fatty acyl-CoAs + Glycerol 3-P → triacylglycerol

anabolic process: converts fatty acids and glycerol into stored fat for energy reserve

Question 15

lipolysis

Answer 15

Triacylglycerol → FA + Glycerol

catabolic process: breakdown of triacylglycerols into FFA and glycerol for energy production

Question 16

ketogenesis

Answer 16

acetyl-coa → acetoacetate

catabolic process: produce ketone bodies from fatty acids as an alternative energy source during low carbohydrate availability

Question 17

ketone body oxidation

Answer 17

acetoacetate → acetyl-coa, CoA, Coenzyme A; P, -HPO3-

catabolic process: converts ketone bodies into acetyl-CoA for energy production, and it is a catabolic process.

Question 18

what are the 6 essential organic elemnents

Answer 18

1. hydrogen
2. carbon
3. nitrogen
4. oxygen
5. phosphorus
6. sulphur

Question 19

criteria for essential nutrients

Answer 19

• required for growth, health & survival
• not synthesized by the body and is critical for function/development
• ex: water, some amino acids, some vitamins, select fatty acids, minerals, energy sources

Question 20

DRIs

Answer 20

dietary reference intake: 4 different reference values that can be used to plan and assess diets for different types of indivudals AND groups

Question 21

EAR

Answer 21

Estimated Average Requirement: the avg daily amount of a nutrient to maintain body functions in half of a specific healthy population.

• used to calculate RDA
• used to assess the adequacy of nutrient intakes, can be used to plan the intake of groups

Question 22

RDA

Answer 22

Recommended Dietary Allowance: average daily amount of nutrient that is adequate to meet nutrient requirements of almost all healthy people in a particular group

• Set above EAR to prevent nutrient deficiencies
• based on scientific evidence (nutrient specific dietary studies)
• GOAL SETTING: aim for on an ind basis

Question 23

AI

Answer 23

Adequate Intake: average daily amount of a nutrient estimated to be suffient for a specific criterion or normal bodily function

• educated estimated based on limited evidence
• expected to meet or exceed the needs of most individuals in a group
• used as a guide for intake by individuals

when RDA is unavailable, AI is used as a goal for usual intake by an individual

Question 24

UL

Answer 24

Upper (Tolerable) Limit: maximum daily amount of a nutrient likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects for most of the healthy population

• used for prevention of toxicity & adverse health effects
• when intake exceeds UL the potential risk of adverse effects increases

Question 25

AMDR

Answer 25

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range: the range of intake for a particular energy source associated with reduced risk of chronic disease while providing intakes of essential nutrients

• If an individual consumes in excess of the AMDR, there is a potential of increasing the risk of chronic diseases and/or insufficient intakes of essential nutrients

Question 26

What are the AMDR’s for adults? (as % of energy intake)

Answer 26

• Carbohydrate 45-65%
• Protein 10-35%
• Fat 20-35%