Course Intro Flashcards
Metabolism:
all of the processes used to handle a particular substance within the body
Glycolysis
Glucose → Pyruvate (or Lactate)
breakdown of glucose, catabolic
Gluconeogenesis
Lactate/Amino acids/Glycerol → Glucose
anabolic process used to create glucose
PP Pathway
Glucose → 5C-sugars → 6C + 3C sugars
anabolic process, used to generate NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate
Glyconeogenesis
Glycogen → Glucose-P (or Glucose)
catabolic; breaking down glycogen into glucose to provide energy
Glycogenesis
Glucose or Glucose-P → Glycogen
anabolic process; synthesizes glycogen to store glucose
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
Pyruvate → Acetyl-CoA
converts pyruvate into acetly-coa for entry into CAC; catabolic process
Citric acid cycle
Acetyl-CoA → 2CO2
catabolic process; oxidize acetyl-CoA to produce energy-rich molecules like ATP, NADH, and FADH₂
Protein synthesis
Amino acids → protein
anabolic
protein degradation
protein → amino acids
catabolic
amino acid catabolism
amino acids → CO2 + H2O + urea or ammonia
catabolic process; breakdown of amino acids
fatty acid synthesis
acetyl-coa → palmitate
β-oxidation
fatty acyl-coa → acetyl-coa
catabolic process: breakdown for fatty acids into acetyl coa for energy
triacylglycerol synthesis
fatty acyl-CoAs + Glycerol 3-P → triacylglycerol
anabolic process: converts fatty acids and glycerol into stored fat for energy reserve
lipolysis
Triacylglycerol → FA + Glycerol
catabolic process: breakdown of triacylglycerols into FFA and glycerol for energy production
ketogenesis
acetyl-coa → acetoacetate
catabolic process: produce ketone bodies from fatty acids as an alternative energy source during low carbohydrate availability
ketone body oxidation
acetoacetate → acetyl-coa, CoA, Coenzyme A; P, -HPO3-
catabolic process: converts ketone bodies into acetyl-CoA for energy production, and it is a catabolic process.
what are the 6 essential organic elemnents
- hydrogen
- carbon
- nitrogen
- oxygen
- phosphorus
- sulphur
criteria for essential nutrients
- required for growth, health & survival
- not synthesized by the body and is critical for function/development
- ex: water, some amino acids, some vitamins, select fatty acids, minerals, energy sources
DRIs
dietary reference intake: 4 different reference values that can be used to plan and assess diets for different types of indivudals AND groups
EAR
Estimated Average Requirement: the avg daily amount of a nutrient to maintain body functions in half of a specific healthy population.
- used to calculate RDA
- used to assess the adequacy of nutrient intakes, can be used to plan the intake of groups
RDA
Recommended Dietary Allowance: average daily amount of nutrient that is adequate to meet nutrient requirements of almost all healthy people in a particular group
- Set above EAR to prevent nutrient deficiencies
- based on scientific evidence (nutrient specific dietary studies)
- GOAL SETTING: aim for on an ind basis
AI
Adequate Intake: average daily amount of a nutrient estimated to be suffient for a specific criterion or normal bodily function
- educated estimated based on limited evidence
- expected to meet or exceed the needs of most individuals in a group
- used as a guide for intake by individuals
when RDA is unavailable, AI is used as a goal for usual intake by an individual
UL
Upper (Tolerable) Limit: maximum daily amount of a nutrient likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects for most of the healthy population
- used for prevention of toxicity & adverse health effects
- when intake exceeds UL the potential risk of adverse effects increases
AMDR
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range: the range of intake for a particular energy source associated with reduced risk of chronic disease while providing intakes of essential nutrients
- If an individual consumes in excess of the AMDR, there is a potential of increasing the risk of chronic diseases and/or insufficient intakes of essential nutrients
What are the AMDR’s for adults? (as % of energy intake)
- Carbohydrate 45-65%
- Protein 10-35%
- Fat 20-35%
