Course 3: Module 2

Question 1

Bias

Answer 1

A preference in favor of or against a person, group of people, or thing

Question 2

Data bias

Answer 2

A type of error that systematically skew results in a certain direction

Question 3

Sampling bias

Answer 3

When a sample isn’t representative of the population as a whole

Question 4

Unbiased sampling

Answer 4

When a sample is representative of the population being measured

Question 5

Observer bias

Answer 5

The tendency for different people to observe things differently

Question 6

Interpretation bias

Answer 6

The tendency to always interpret ambiguous situations in a positive or negative way

Question 7

Confirmation bias

Answer 7

The tendency to search for or interpret information in a way that confirms pre-existing beliefs

Question 8

ROCCC

Answer 8

Reliable
Original
Comprehensive
Current
Cited

Question 9

Ethics

Answer 9

Well-founded standards of right and wrong that prescribe what humans ought to do, usually in terms of rights, obligations, benefits to society, fairness, or specific virtues

Question 10

Data ethics

Answer 10

Well-founded standards of right and wrong that dictate how data is collected, shared, and used

Question 11

GDPR

Answer 11

General Data Protection Regulation of the European Union

Question 12

Aspects of data ethics

Answer 12

Ownership
Transaction transparency
Consent
Currency
Privacy
Openness

Question 13

Ownership

Answer 13

Individuals own the raw data they provide and they have primary control over its usage, how it’s processed, and how it’s shared

Question 14

Transaction transparency

Answer 14

All data-processing activities and algorithms should be completely explainable and understood by the individual who provides their data

Question 15

Consent

Answer 15

An individual’s right to know explicit details about how and why their data will be used before agreeing to provide it

Question 16

Currency

Answer 16

Individuals should be aware of financial transactions resulting from the use of their personal data and the scale of these transactions

Question 17

Privacy

Answer 17

Preserving a data subject’s information and activity any time a data transaction occurs

Question 18

Openness

Answer 18

Free access, usage, and sharing of data

Question 19

Data anonymization

Answer 19

the process of protecting people’s private or sensitive data by eliminating that kind of information. Typically, data anonymization involves blanking, hashing, or masking personal information, often by using fixed-length codes to represent data columns, or hiding data with altered values.

Question 20

Data that is often anonymized

Answer 20

• Telephone numbers
• Names
• License plates and license numbers
• Social security numbers
• IP addresses
• Medical records
• Email addresses
• Photographs
• Account numbers

Question 21

Data interoperability

Answer 21

The ability of data systems and services to openly connect and share data

Question 22

For data to be considered open, it has to:

Answer 22

Be available and accessible to the public as a complete dataset
Be provided under terms that allow it to be reused and redistributed
Allow universal participation so that anyone can use, reuse, and redistribute the data

Question 23

Resources for open data

Answer 23

• U.S government data site
• U. S Census Bureau
• Open Data Network
• Google Cloud Public Datasets
• Dataset Search