Course 2 : History and tests Flashcards by Laurianne Gauthier

What are the 2 types of methods? (large scale)

Post-mortem + In-vivo analysis

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What are the 2 types of post-mortem analysis

Macroscopic & microscopic analysis

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what are the 6 types of in-vivo analysis?

1- COmputerized tomography (CT)
2- MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
3- electromagnetic recording
4- metabolic recording
5- intervention approaches
6- instrumental evaluation methods

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What are the types of CT scan?

x-rays
angiography

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what are the types of MRI?

DTI
Transcranial Doppler
WADA testing

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what are the types of electromagnetic recording?

EEG
Evoked potential (PEV, PEAT, PESS, P300, P400)
Nrfeedback
MEG

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what are the types of metabolic recordings? (5)

rCBF (regiona crb blood flow)
PET (positron emission tomography)
SPECT (single photon emission computed tomography)
fMRI (functional MRI)
MRS (magnetic resonance spectroscopy)

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What are the types of intervention approaches?

Brain electric stimulation (DBS+TMS)
Innovative techniques

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what are the instrumental evaluation methods? (4)

1- Separated visual fields (CVS)
2- Dichotic listening tests
3- Dihaptic palpation
4- Motor interference test ‘‘tapping’’

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What are the 7 steps of the scientific method?

1- ask a ?
2- perf research
3- establish hyp
4- test hyp via experiment
5- observe
6- analyse rs + conclu
7- present findings

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What are the 2 possible functions of scans?

Structure or function

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Compare CT scan, MRI, fMRI and PET

CT scan = horizontal cuts of head, x-rays
MRI : h atoms, tissues activated by magnetic field (+ precise)
fMRI : ++ scans taken during task (same test, goal is diff)
PET : radioactive glucose in blood - see where blood accumulates, positrons capted - looks like heat map

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What is lesion method and how does it work?

To know a fct by observing deficits caused by lesions

Vs controlled, injury is the only VI, goal = quantify/study/verify impact on bio/cogn/beha

Method = case study

+ popu for study brain-beha relationship

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What are the 4 methods of macroscopic analysis?

1- Use oh histological techniques

2- Analysis of asymetries + individual differences

3- Analysis of external anomalies

4- Study of focal lesions

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How do the histological techniques work?

Extraction - PFA + Fast frozen (liquid nitrogen) - preserve it as soon as person dies - create database from history of patient to compare with other brains

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Why is the analysis of the brain asymmetries useful? How about individual differences?

Sometimes not seen on tests

Man vs woman - woman have + links between hemis ; women playing soccer are in between

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What is the use of using focal lesions?

See the zones affected

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What are the 5 types of microscopic analysis?

1- Study of nrdegenerative diseases

2- Leukoaraiosis

3- Analysis of cytoarchitectonic anomalies

4- Alterations in nral migration

5- Retrograde degeneration

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How to stody nrdegenerative diseases?

Correlate what didn’t work, help learning about the illness ; see tau tangles and amyloid plaques

ex: see that brain is less activated in alzheimer

How does leurkoaraiosis work?

Study of white matter change

Damages the small blood vessels = less blood flow

Less myelinisation for the same amount of nrs ; veins thicker

How does analysis of cytoarchitectonic anomalies work?

Dentricit ramification alterations of :

a) quantity
b) type
c) dist
d) lenght

How are the alterations of nral migration studied?

See dex (doublecortin), a prot that plays role in brain dev, and migration during embryonic dev

Migration is ++ affected in the core olfactory bulb

Regeneration is never 100% but some nrs are still produced

How is the retrograde degeneration studied?

Degeneration of the axon close to the injury

Backwards degeneration leads to disruption of c/ and its death

This degeneration doesn’t allow for regeneration if it dies (less recovery)

WHat is nrpsychologuy?

Branch of science studies physiobio processes

What can you tell me about the case study of glioblastoma?

To treat a tumor, see which part of the prain is impaired and do the icision there (not to damage a working part in the process) Test capacities b4, during, after surgery

What are 3 moments in history crucial for nrpsychology?

WW1 + WW2 : study of injured ppl Fleming : study infections Luria : dev the theory of localisation of fcts of capacities on the brn

What are the 3 specialities in nrpsychology?

1- Clinical apply principles/intervention based on beha 2- Experimental test hyps 3- Forensic expert witnesses about the brain of dead ppl, but also the brain-beha link (ppl alive or not)

What are 3 tests that use x-rays?

CT-scan + CT-MRI + angiography

What are 3 historical events imp for x-rays?

1895 : x-rays invented 1970 : absorption of x-rays by tissues Traumatology : 1st application of x-rays

What is an important date for CT-scans

1979 : Nobel prize, Cormack + Hounsfield

What does CT-scan stand for? How do they work?

COmputerized tomography Densiometric analysis : see tissue variation of 1% - analyse the composition of radiations emitted from diff parts of the body On a scan, the dark = hypodensitym fat, air, CSF the clear = hyperdensity, bone+calcification 0 = water

How to see pathology with CT-scan?

See the contrast Ex : ischemic infarct = CT is dark grey Ex : hemorrhage = CT is white

WHat are the application of CT-MRI

Brain lesions Detect calcification on central syst Nrdegenerative diseases Hydroencephalus diag

How to study brain lesions with CT-MRI?

VEntricle measurement Detection pf brain injury Brain tumor detection USE OF STEREOTAXIC ATLAS TO LOCALIZE LESIONS + AREAS INVOLVED (use to guide surgery)

How to study brain lesions with CT-MRI?

VEntricle measurement Detection pf brain injury Brain tumor detection USE OF STEREOTAXIC ATLAS TO LOCALIZE LESIONS + AREAS INVOLVED (use to guide surgery)

What is angiography? How does it work?

Blood vessel x-ray study Visualize sstructures of vessels using catheters + contrast liqui d (iodine)

What is the utility of angiography?

Detect congenital/aquired vascular pathology ex: anyeurisms, arteriovenous malformations, atheromatous plaques..

What is angioplasty?

Use angiography to operate pathologies through catheters - balloon catheters/stents To help Î blood flow and avoid pressure (aneurysms)

What are 3 dates important for MRI?

1952 : Nobel prize BLoch+Purcell, discovery of net spin 1973 : Damadian, graph reproduction of state/condition of internal organs with sonar 2003 : Nobel prize Lauterbur+Mansfield invented graphic reproduction from Damadian

What is resonance frequency (MRI)?

The f at which the atom vibrates the most

Why study H atoms in MRI?

Body composed of 70% water, MRI uses diff levels of H in tissue to create detailed images

What are the main parts of the MRI and what do they do?

Strong magnet : creates a magnetic field across body RF coil : emits waves at specific f and capture the f sent back from body Gradient coil : change the angle of the magnetic field

What is Larmor frequency?

amount of times a p+ turns around the atom compared to the field (entire turn)

What are the 8 steps of the MRI?

1) H atoms are aligned to the new magnetic field 2) Resonance f of H atom emitted by the RF coil (f resonance = f larmor here) 3) Atoms capt f and its axis changes compared to the field 4) Atoms turn in that new direction 5) Atoms emit their own RF signal 6) Coils detect the E emitted by the atoms 7) Signal emitted by H deteriorates and stop (T2-relaxation) 8) Atoms eventually realign with magnetic field (time it takes depends on the type of tissue, T1-relaxation)

What allows the contrast on the MRI images?

Time it tajes for atoms to stop emitting the RF f depends on the type of tissue they come from