Course 003 Glossary Flashcards
Define Active packet sniffing
A type of attack where data packets are manipulated in transit
Define Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
Used to determine the MAC address of the next router or device to traverse
Define Bandwidth
The maximum data transmission capacity over a network, measured by bits per second
Define Baseline configuration
A documented set of specifications within a system that is used as a basis for future builds, releases, and updates
Define Bluetooth
Used for wireless communication with nearby physical devices
Define Botnet
A collection of computers infected by malware that are under the control of a single threat actor, known as the “bot herder”
Define Cloud-based firewalls
Software firewalls that are hosted by the cloud service provider
Define Cloud computing
The practice of using remote servers, application, and network services that are hosted on the internet instead of on local physical devices
Define Cloud network
A collection of servers or computers that stores resources and data in remote data centers that can be accessed via the internet
Define Controlled zone
A subnet that protects the internal network from the uncontrolled zone
Define Data packet
A basic unit of information that travels from one device to another within a network
Define Denial of service (DoS) attack
An attack that targets a network or server and floods
it with network traffic
Define Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack
A type of denial of service attack that uses multiple devices or servers located in different locations to flood the target network with unwanted traffic
Define Domain Name System (DNS)
Domain Name System (DNS): A networking protocol that translates internet domain names into IP addresses
Define Encapsulation
A process performed by a VPN service that protects your data by wrapping sensitive data in other data packets
Define File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
Used to transfer files from one device to another over a
network
Define Firewall
A network security device that monitors traffic to or from your network
Define Forward proxy server
A server that regulates and restricts a person’s access to the internet
Define Hardware
The physical components of a computer
Define Hub
A network device that broadcasts information to every device on the network
Define Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
An application layer protocol that provides a method of communication between clients and website servers
Define Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS)
A network protocol that provides a secure method of communication between clients and servers
Define Identity and access management (IAM)
A collection of processes and technologies that helps organizations manage digital identities in their environment
Define IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi)
A set of standards that define communication for wireless LANs
Define Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
An internet protocol used by devices to tell each other about data transmission errors across the network
Define Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) flood
A type of DoS attack performed by an attacker repeatedly sending ICMP request packets to a network server
Define Internet Protocol (IP)
A set of standards used for routing and addressing data
packets as they travel between devices on a network
Define Internet Protocol (IP) address
A unique string of characters that identifies the
location of a device on the internet
Define IP spoofing
A network attack performed when an attacker changes the source IP of a data packet to impersonate an authorized system and gain access to a network
Define Local area network (LAN)
A network that spans small areas like an office building, a
school, or a home
Define Media Access Control (MAC) address
A unique alphanumeric identifier that is
assigned to each physical device on a network
Define Modem
A device that connects your router to the internet and brings internet access to the LAN
Define Multi-factor authentication (MFA)
A security measure that requires a user to verify their identity in two or more ways to access a system or network
Define Network
A group of connected devices
Define Network log analysis
The process of examining network logs to identify events of interest
Define Network protocols
A set of rules used by two or more devices on a network to describe the order of delivery of data and the structure of data
Define Network segmentation
A security technique that divides the network into segments
Define Operating system (OS)
The interface between computer hardware and the user
Define Open systems interconnection (OSI) model
A standardized concept that describes the seven layers computers use to communicate and send data over the network
Define On-path attack
An attack where a malicious actor places themselves in the middle of an authorized connection and intercepts or alters the data in transit
Define Packet sniffing
The practice of capturing and inspecting data packets across a network
Define Passive packet sniffing
A type of attack where a malicious actor connects to a
network hub and looks at all traffic on the network
Define Patch update
A software and operating system update that addresses security vulnerabilities within a program or product
Define Penetration testing
A simulated attack that helps identify vulnerabilities in systems, networks, websites, applications, and processes
Define Ping of death
A type of DoS attack caused when a hacker pings a system by sending it an oversized ICMP packet that is bigger than 64KB
Define Port
A software-based location that organizes the sending and receiving of data between devices on a network
Define Port filtering
A firewall function that blocks or allows certain port numbers to limit unwanted communication
Define Proxy server
A server that fulfills the requests of its clients by forwarding them to other servers
Define Replay attack
A network attack performed when a malicious actor intercepts a data packet in transit and delays it or repeats it at another time
Define Reverse proxy server
A server that regulates and restricts the Internet’s access to an internal server
Define Router
A network device that connects multiple networks together
Define Secure File Transfer Protocol (SFTP)
A secure protocol used to transfer files from one device to another over a network
Define Secure shell (SSH)
A security protocol used to create a shell with a remote system
Define Security hardening
The process of strengthening a system to reduce its vulnerabilities and attack surface
Define Security information and event management (SIEM)
An application that collects and analyzes log data to monitor critical activities for an organization
Define Security zone
A segment of a company’s network that protects the internal network from the internet
Define Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
A network protocol used for monitoring and managing devices on a network
Define Smurf attack
A network attack performed when an attacker sniffs an authorized user’s IP address and floods it with ICMP packets
Define Speed
The rate at which a device sends and receives data, measured by bits per second
Define Stateful
A class of firewall that keeps track of information passing through it and proactively filters out threats
Define Stateless
A class of firewall that operates based on predefined rules and that does not keep track of information from data packets
Define Subnetting
The subdivision of a network into logical groups called subnets
Define Switch
A device that makes connections between specific devices on a network by sending and receiving data between them
Define Synchronize (SYN) flood attack
A type of DoS attack that simulates a TCP/IP
connection and floods a server with SYN packets
Define TCP/IP model
A framework used to visualize how data is organized and transmitted across a network
Define Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
An internet communication protocol that allows
two devices to form a connection and stream data
Define Transmission control protocol (TCP) 3-way handshake
A three-step process used to establish an authenticated connection between two devices on a network
Define Uncontrolled zone
The portion of the network outside the organization
Define User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
A connectionless protocol that does not establish a
connection between devices before transmissions
Define Virtual Private Network (VPN)
A network security service that changes your public IP
address and masks your virtual location so that you can keep your data private when you are using a public network like the internet
Define Wide Area Network (WAN)
A network that spans a large geographic area like a city,
state, or country
Define Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)
A wireless security protocol for devices to connect to
the internet
