Couples

Question 1

what roles did Parsons come up with

Answer 1

instrumental and expressive

Question 2

what are the instrumental and expressive roles

Answer 2

instrumental- (husbands) meant to financially support the family

expressive-(wives) meant to support the emotional needs of the family

Question 3

who criticised Parsons

Answer 3

Young and Willmott
Feminist sociologists

Question 4

who distinguishes the two conjugal roles in marriage

Answer 4

Elizabeth Bott (1957)

Question 5

what are segregated conjugal roles

Answer 5

where the couple have separate roles: a male breadwinner and a female carer. They tend to spend their leisure time separate.

Question 6

what are joint conjugal roles

Answer 6

where the couple share tasks such as housework and childcare and spend their leisure time together.

Question 7

what do young and willmott find with their research into symmetrical family

Answer 7

-women now going to work
-men helping with domestic work and childcare
-couples spending leisure time together

Question 8

what social changes have occured to lead to a rise in the symmetrical nuclear family

Answer 8

-changes in womens positions, including marriage and women going to work
-geographical mobility, more couples moving away from where they grew up
-new tech and labour saving devices
-higher standards of living

Question 9

what do feminists say about young and willmotts view on the symmetrical family

Answer 9

they are little has changed and that men and women remain unequal within the family

Question 10

what does Ann Oakley say about Young and Willmotts theory that the families symmetrical

Answer 10

she argues that their claims are exaggerated and criticises it

Question 11

what is some of Ann Oakleys research

Answer 11

-she found that only 15% of husbands had high levels of participation in housework
-only 25% had high participation in childcare

Question 12

what did Ferri and Smith(1996) find

Answer 12

that fathers took responsibility for childcare in few than 4% of families

Question 13

what did Dex and Ward(2007) find

Answer 13

even though fathers had high levels of involvement in childcare when it came to caring for a sick child only 1% of fathers took main responsibility

Question 14

what did Braun, Vincent and Ball(2011) find

Answer 14

that only 3 out of 70 families was the father the main carer

Question 15

what is the triple shift

Answer 15

someone doing emotional work, domestic work and paid work

Question 16

what is the dual burden

Answer 16

doing paid work and domestic work

Question 17

what is the cultural explanation of inequality

Answer 17

equality will be achieved only when norms about gender roles change

Question 18

evidence for the cultural explanation

Answer 18

Gershuny (1994) found that couples who parents had more equal relationships are more likely

Question 19

what is the material explanation of inequality

Answer 19

is that women generally earn less than men which means it is economically rational for women to do more housework and childcare

Question 20

evidence for the material explanation

Answer 20

-Kan found that for every £10,000 a year more a woman earns, she does 2 hours less of housework
-Sullivan shows that working full-time rather than part-time makes the biggest difference in terms of how much domestic work each partner does

Question 21

what are the two main types of control over family income according to Pahl and Vogler (1993)

Answer 21

• The allowance system
• Pooling

Question 22

what did Pahl and Vogler find (2007)

Answer 22

They found that even where there is pooling, the men usually made the majority of financial decisions

Question 23

what does Edgell argue (1980)

Answer 23

he argues that the reasons men are likely to take the decisions is that they earn more

Question 24

what can be included in domestic abuse

Answer 24

-psychological
-Physical
-Sexual
-Financial
-Emotional
-Abuse

Question 25

how many people from the crime survey of England and Wales had reported being victims of domestic abuse (2013)

Answer 25

two million people had reported to being victims in the previous year

Question 26

what did Katherine Coleman et al find (2007)

Answer 26

found that women were more likely than men to have experienced ‘intimate violence’ across all four types of abuse - partner abuse, family abuse, sexual assault and stalking

Question 27

what did Coleman and Osborne find (2010)

Answer 27

one third of all female homicide victims - are killed by a partner or former partner

Question 28

what did Dobash and Dobash find

Answer 28

they found that violent incidences could be set off by what a husband saw as a challenge to his authority

Question 29

what did Walby and Allen (2004) find

Answer 29

found that women are much more likely to be victims of multiple incidents of abuse and of sexual violence

Question 30

how many assaults does the average woman suffer before making a report according to Yearnshire (1977)

Answer 30

35 assaults