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Counselling Final > Counselling Exam > Flashcards

Counselling Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Define a social service worker counsellor

A

-Helping is one way
-Client needs are central
-agent or guide of change
-Focus is to increase clients internal locus of control
-no advice
-Collaborate with client
-Regulated by external body
-Short term relationship
-situation problem/mental health
-Develop insight
-Discover strengths and new coping strategies
-Empowering client
-Helping client get through a difficult time

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2
Q

What are the counsellor variables to unsuccessful counseling?

A

-Motivation
-Capacity
-Opportunity
-Burn out and vicarious trauma
-Personal problems
-loss of objectivity

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3
Q

What are the pitfalls of counseling?

A

-pseudo counselling
-Advice giving
-Communication stoppers
-Faulty technique

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4
Q

What factors can lead to unsuccessful counseling?

A

-
-Uncontrollable variables
-Defense mechanisms
-transference and countertransference

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5
Q

What is pseudo counseling?

A

Exploring interesting, but irrelevant issues that don’t lead to problem solving

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6
Q

What are the types of pseudo counseling?

A

-Parroting (repeating exact same words back to client)
-Platitudes (time heals all wounds)
-Irrelevant questions

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7
Q

What is advice giving?

A

Communicating in ways are undermine clients, self-determination, and tells the client that the counsellor has the answer to their problems

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8
Q

What are the types of advice giving?

A

-Overt (you should try, why don’t you, I recommend)
-Suggestive (have you thought about trying, you would like this, this will benefit you)
-Inappropriate counselor, self disclosure (what I did in the past was)

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9
Q

What is rescuing a.k.a. band aiding

A

Involves actions that prevent or protect clients from dealing with issues or difficult feelings

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10
Q

What are the types of rescuing?

A

-tension reducers (counselor, avoids, or switches difficult topics to avoid discomfort - counselor, I suppose something pleasant the moment the client begins to cry)
-Placating (avoid confrontation, False feedback, or empty reassurance - you are going to be fine, you’re a strong person)
- Impeding independence (doing tasks on behalf of clients that are supporting them to be advocates of self - counselor speaks for the client instead of teaching, how to speak for self)

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11
Q

What are communication Stoppers

A

Any communication of brings conversation to a halt

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12
Q

What are the types of communication stoppers?

A

-judgemental
-assumptions
-Why questions?
-Not listening
-Inappropriate silence

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13
Q

What is faulty technique?

A

Inappropriate use of skills

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14
Q

What are the types of faulty techniques?

A

-poorly timed questions
-Irrelevant questions
-Lack of empathy or sympathy
-Multiple questions
-Excessive questions
-leading questions

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15
Q

What are uncontrollable variables?

A

New event so I get in the way of counselling process. For example, client experiences loss of a loved one which complicates existing counselling process or a lack of resources E. G., Waiting list; caseloads.

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16
Q

What are defence mechanisms?

A

Ways in which people cope/adopt or protect themselves from adverse situation or unpleasant feelings (anxiety)

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17
Q

What is bias?

A

Bias is a human tendency to draw incorrect conclusions in certain circumstances based on cognitive factors rather than evidence. It is a predisposition or prejudice.

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18
Q

What is objectivity?

A

The capacity to understand and take action without bias or distortion

Understanding and managing, personal values, beliefs, and biases

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19
Q

How to manage objectivity

A

-avoid assumptions
-control over identification with clients
-Manage over involvement with clients

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20
Q

What is a dual relationship?

A

A dual relationship is a counselling relationship plus some other type of relationship, such as a friendship, business, sexual intimacy. Dual relationships are unethical.

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21
Q

What is the four step model for resolving ethical dilemmas

A
  1. Gather facts
  2. Identify ethical issues and potential violations.
  3. Identify an evaluation options and strategies.
  4. Take action.
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22
Q

What are the ethical principles?

A
  1. Protection of life.
  2. Equality and inequality
  3. Autonomy and freedom.
  4. Least harm.
  5. Quality of life.
  6. Privacy and confidentiality.
  7. Truthfulness and fulldisclosure.
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23
Q

What is involved in gathering facts (step one)

A

Objectively report, who, what, where, one, how

Personal opinion is not fact

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24
Q

What is involved in step two: identify ethical issues and potential violations

A

Which ethical principles might be competing against my own values

Which ethical principles might be competing against each other

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25
Q

What is involved in step three: identify an evaluation options and strategies

A

-The matrix decision making

Taking action: the potential benefits, potential costs/ risks, possible outcome

Taking no action: potential benefits, potential costs/risks, possible outcome

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26
Q

What is involved in stuff for: take action

A

Based on the outcomes of the decision making chart, and using the ethical principles, hierarchy as a guideline, make an action plan

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27
Q

What are the counsellor needs?

A

-to be likes and helpful
-Status or prestige
-Control
-Perfectionism
-Social relationships

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28
Q

Give an example of how a counsellor need can interfere or harm counselling work

A

A client asks us for something that we know we can’t do but we do it anyway because I need to be like/helpful gets in the way

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29
Q

What is counsellors self-awareness?

A

-A crucial component of counsellor competence

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30
Q

What is counselor, self-awareness, essential in order to:

A

-Understand impacts on clients
-Manage personal feelings and reactions
-No where personal feelings end, and and those of clients begin
-identify vulnerable areas
-Control bias, maintain objectivity
-Set professional goals

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31
Q

What are the two key counselling values?

A
  1. Belief in the dignity, and worth of people.
  2. Client self-determination.
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32
Q

What are the types of counselling contracts?

A

-work
-Relationship
-Anticipatory

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33
Q

What is a sessional (work) contract

A

-why are we meeting? What is the structure?
-Problems or concerns to be addressed
-goals and objectives of the intervention
-Activities (actions) the client may undertake
-Tasks to be performed by the worker
-Expected duration
-Schedule of time and place for interviews
-Identification of other persons, agencies expected to participate
-Ethical issues and limitations

-Work contracts define the focus for the current session, and the overall objective of the participants work together

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34
Q

What is the relationship contract?

A

-Focus on respective rules and expectations of the participants and how they will communicate

-What do I need to know about you? What is your lens?
-Communication styles
-Personal values, worldview, and culture
-Exploration of how differences may help or hinder counselling relationship
-past experiences with counselling
-Discussion of rules and expectations of the participants

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35
Q

What is the anticipatory contract?

A

-planning strategies and responses for event some occur during counselling
-How do you want to plan for…?
-Discussion about how to plan for predictable event so I might come up during session
-Ask clients for feedback on how to handle situation if it comes up

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36
Q

What is immediacy?

A

A tool for deepening counselling relationships

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37
Q

What is relationship immediacy?

A

Feeling such as anger or resentment, liking or traction are clouding your work overall (build up overtime)

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38
Q

What is event focussed immediacy

A

Client counsellor interactions as they occur in the interview (in the moment)

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39
Q

What are the tips for immediacy?

A

-use “I” statements
-Ask the client about the meaning
-Ask for feedback and input
-Use empathy
-Create safety in discussing issues
-Revisit the relationship contract

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40
Q

What is the importance of counsellors self disclosure?

A

-conveys warmth
-Can be used to normalize problems and feelings
-Gives clients to courage to open up
-Communicates that the counsellor is human
-And essential element of genuineness

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41
Q

What are the types of counsellor self disclosure?

A

-biographical (personal history, demographics facts such as age)
-Current feelings, ideas, reactions

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42
Q

What are the risks of counsel self disclosure?

A

-Focus shift from client to counsellor
-Counselor may be perceived as needy and vulnerable
-Information may be used by clients for manipulation
-resentment by clients to see the self disclosure as a demand for reciprocity
-self disclosure becomes compulsive
-Self disclosure may be a subtle form of advice giving

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43
Q

What are the Guidelines for counsellor self disclosure

A

-don’t shift the focus from the client to the counsellor
-Only used to meet the needs of the clients
-Develop ability to self disclose, as well as ability to not self disclose
-Too much can be as inappropriate has too little
-Revealing current feeling, concerns, and ideas is more useful than revealing past history
-If the work is precedent, smoothly without counselors, self disclosure done it is not necessary

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44
Q

What is empowerment?

A

-The process of helping a client discover personal strengths, and capacities to take control of their lives
-The worker must forgo the need to control the clients by not taking the expert, Which place is a dependency roll on the client.
-Identify the barriers and remove gaps

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45
Q

Types of motivational problems, and how to recognize them

A
  1. burn out from unsuccessful attempts: “I’m tired”, “I don’t know if I can trust”
  2. Client in denial. “I don’t have a problem”
  3. Involuntary client. “I’m here for another reason”
  4. Learned helplessness. “I can’t, nothing will help”
  5. Ambivalent. “I have mixed feelings”
  6. Energized but fragile. “I really want to change but I will easily crumble”
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46
Q

What are the strategies for addressing motivational problems

A
  1. Burn out from unsuccessful attempts: investigate reasons for previous failures
  2. Client in denial: educational information.
  3. Involuntary client: empathy; explore thoughts and feelings.
  4. Learned helplessness: increase locus of control.
  5. Ambivalent: explore mixed feelings.
  6. Energized, but fragile: positive reinforcement; plan for obstacles.
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47
Q

What is radical acceptance?

A

Encouraging expression of statements, you may not agree with.

Example: client says “I hate counselling its stupid”, counsellor says “ you are not alone. I’m glad you were able to tell me that.”

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48
Q

What does amplified reflection?

A

Exaggerating the clients position (without sarcasm) so the client may recognize the ambivalence

Example:
Client says “ I don’t have an anger problem. Everyone loses their cool.”
Counsellor says “so your anger has never affected anyone “

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49
Q

What are the types of unhealthy thinking patterns?

(Thinking errors)

A

-distortion
-Selective attention
-Confirmation bias
-Selective memory
-Losing focus of what someone is saying
-Focusing only on present
-Egocentric thinking
-magnification/minimization
-Perfectionism
-self-defeating thoughts

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50
Q

What is reframing?

A

-An attempt to change thinking
-Attempts to look at things differently
-E.g., stubbornness can be independence, greediness can be ambitiousness, anger can be worry, multiple mistakes can be determination

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51
Q

What is selective attention?

A

Not looking out all aspects of problems; just focussing on the fact that they cried, and it is a bad thing

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52
Q

What is confirmation bias?

A

Confirming what they believe to be true of self

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53
Q

What is perfectionism?

A

High expectations of self

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54
Q

What are self-defeating thoughts

A

Down on self for crying

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55
Q

Reframe example

A

Client is embarrass after crying in a meeting about not getting a job
(Selective attention; confirmation bias; perfectionism; self-defeating thoughts)

Reframe: “ it is difficult to receive this type of news. Pause your emotions are perhaps an indicator of how much you care about your career and your future.”

Validate first, then reframe

56
Q

What is challenging the thought

A

-A way to change thinking patterns
-Asking evaluation questions with the stinking flexibility by helping a client find evidence to challenge the unrealistic thought

57
Q

Challenging the thought example

A

Client says “ I have to go straight A’s” (perfectionism)

Challenging the thought: “ what happens if you don’t get a straight A’s? How does this expectation help you or hurt you? What do you think about this expectation you have put on yourself? What was your best friend say?”

58
Q

Challenging the thought example 2

A

Client says “ I can’t do anything, right” (magnification and self defeating thought)

Challenging the thought:
“ I noticed the other day you help Johnny was a difficult math problem. What do you think about that? How does that fit with your thought that you can’t do anything right?”
“ how much do you believe this thiught?”
“ let’s play devils advocate for a moment by exploring evidence this may not be true”

59
Q

What is motivational interviewing?

A

-The goal is to help the client get unstuck
-Empathy
-Develop discrepancy
-Roll with resistance
-Support, self efficiency

60
Q

What are the strategies for developing discrepancy?

A

-exploring advantages and disadvantage is of status quo versus change
“If you continue status quo, what might you gain/lose vs change?”

-Scaling questions
“ on a scale from one to 10 how satisfied are you with your job? Your life? What would it take to get you one step closer to a 10?”

-Elaboration skills to continue change talk
“ give me an example of what you mean by it’s all good”

-querying extremes
“ imagine you don’t change anything in your life what is the worst that could happen what is the best case scenario”

-looking forward and back
“ what were things like before you were in this relationship? What will things look like five years down the road?”

-Values versus current behaviour
“ tell me about what is important in a partner for you. How does your current relationship fit with that?”

-Helping clients understand ambivalence
“ when the car, so we are the benefits: right now, there is still a benefit for you using escape, but until you evaluate that escape isn’t worth the loss of___you’ll keep doing what you were doing”

61
Q

Success tip for rolling with resistance

A

As long as your clients are going to resist you, you might as will encourage it

62
Q

How to support self-efficacy

A
  1. Promoting client confidence.
  2. Identify past success.
  3. Review strengths and resources.
  4. Work on small achievable goals.
  5. Affirm client efforts and successes.
63
Q

What is goalsetting?

A

Providing specific target to work toward

64
Q

What are effective goals?

A

-Concrete
-Can be measured
-Challenging, but realistic
-Owned by clients and under there
-SMART

65
Q

What is nonverbal communication?

A

Purpose:
-confirmation: nonverbal, consistent with verbal
-Denial: contradictions between nonverbal and verbal
-Substitution: thoughts/feelings communicated via nonverbal
-Conveying mood: emotions expressed via nonverbal emotional behaviours

66
Q

Nonverbal communication:

A

What body language/facial expressions communicate

67
Q

What is metacommunication?

A

-The message behind the words

68
Q

Where does metacommunication come from?

A

-nonverbal cues
-Contacts and history
-Relationship trust level
-Mood

69
Q

What can a counsellor do to improve listening?

A

-remain patient, respect client pacing
-Work on trust issues
-Controlling noise and staying
-Control assumptions
-Manage personal reactions
-Remember that listening does not mean agreeing
-be aware of blind spots (self awareness)
-is the six skills of active listening (silence, asking questions, paraphrasing, empathy, summarizing, attending)

70
Q

How do you respond to silent client?

A
  1. Allow it to continue if client is thinking, needs time to deal with feelings.
  2. Interrupted is closure has been reached, meaning of silence is unclear, difficult feelings, require empathetic response.
  3. Promoted to encourage reflection.
71
Q

What does it mean if a client become silent in a counselling session?

A

-silence has multiple meanings
-Thinking
-Confusion
-Painful feelings
-Trust issues
-Personal style
-Closure

72
Q

What is attending? (What is the different between attending and a simple encourager?)

A

The way counselors, communicate that they are ready, willing, and able to listen

Essential skills/attidudes:
-genuineness
-control internal and external noise
-In general – open posture, iContact, warm tone, encouraging comments

73
Q

What is a simple encourager? (what is the difference between attending and a simple encourager?)

A
  • “uh huh”
    -head nods
    -Used to encourage client to continue with their stories
74
Q

What is paraphrasing? (What is the difference between paraphrasing and summarizing?)

A

Restatement of the clients words in different words (ending with a question or implied question) in order to:
-Confirm meaning
-Clarify meaning
-Simplify meaning
-Present meaning from a different perspective

75
Q

Paraphrasing:

A

-sentence stem should fit with the contexts
-ok to use some keywords, but consider using your own words as long as it doesn’t change the meaning
-Less is more
-A check out can also happen with the questioning tone of voice

76
Q

What is summarizing? (What is the different between paraphrasing and summarizing)

A

-confirms understanding, and checks assumptions
-Organizes complex data
-Focuses interview and sets priorities by separating important information from unimportant information

77
Q

What is brief counselling and when is it used

A

-Brief counselling is an action oriented approach that is beneficial for clients with specific and concrete problems
-based on cost analysis and more of a socially oriented approach
-The client has a ready supply of resources you assist the client to use their resources, build on past successes to help them with their present concerns
-This builds on self efficiency and clients current strengths and resources
-the client is voluntarily and motivated to change and has specific goals
-When it is time limited (1-5sessions) motivation can be increased)
-Help the client to do something different or get back on track for them to improve their situation

78
Q

Types of problems for brief counselling

A

-“ I am getting married this year but I just got a new job and my fiancé and I can’t decide on things it’s causing problems in our family. I need some help deciding whether or not I should delay the wedding”
-“ I am really irritable lately and I just want to understand why”
-“ I just lost my job but I want to use this as an opportunity to move into a new career I just don’t know which one yet”

79
Q

What to do in brief counselling

A

Focus on resources and solutions rather than problems

80
Q

List Questions on my prompt, an evaluation discussion about resources and solutions

A

-“ what have you thought about trying?”
-What have you tried/done so far?”
-What are the pros and cons to trying that?”
-“ it sounds like you’ve given___some thought”
-“ what would you need to accomplish that??”

81
Q

What are the techniques for brief counseling? Name and give examples

A
  1. Focus on expectations:
    -Client says I always screw up
    -Counselor can be focus on the times and the client has succeeded or “ what is different about the times when this is less of a problem?”
    Example: what are some of the things that you have done in the past to control your anger?
  2. You solution talk
    -“ what will it take to get you back on track?”
    -It is not offering solutions. Her advice is questions I will prompt to focus in that direction.
    Example: “ what is it that you would like to work on; what are some things you can do?”
  3. Miracle question:
    -“ if I could waive my magic wand in your life was completely happy. What would it look like?”
    -Discuss when to use in one hour to use – only for situations within the clients control
    Example: if you were to go to bed and overnight a miracle happen and you were to wake up tomorrow and your anger was under control how do you think your life would be different?
  4. Reframing:
    -client is hard on themselves for failing a test counsellor says failing a test can feel awful because you can erode our sense of competence, it can also provide a wonderful opportunity for learning and building our resilience
    -Validate then reframe
  5. Create expectations for a change by use of language.
    -So far, yet, at this point
    -What will you be doing in the next week? I will indicate a positive change has occurred from you
    Example: so what we like to do is help you so that you were always a ten You always have perfect control over your anger.
  6. Praise.
    -“ you have made excellent progress on your goal”
    -“ that’s really good; it’s great that you have to go to work on control your anger”
  7. To change continuum:
    -< as bad as it can get > as good as it could be
    -“ where are you on the continuum”
    -“ what direction are you heading?”
    -“ what might cause you or help you change directions”
    -“ what would be an indicator that you were moving in the right direction?”
    -Help client identify incremental steps towards her final goal
82
Q

What is the fourth step model for brief counselling

A
  1. Define the problem:
    -gather information, open, ended questions, paraphrase, summarize
  2. Examine solutions and expectations:
    -Past solutions and explore strengths, clarify support systems, Brainstorm new ideas.
  3. Define a goal.
    -Smart goals
    -Within client control and driven by client
    -Future behaviour
  4. Assign a task:
    -Complement (praise): an effort to problem solve
    -Assess commitment
    -Assign a task (observational, previous success, create new pattern)
    (When to assign a task - when client is motivated/want to learn, consents to trying)
83
Q

What are the benefits of strength finding?

A

-Help client find solutions to the problems
-Promote self efficiency
-Improve self-esteem
-improves relationship building

84
Q

What are the eight strength techniques?

A
  1. Identify prior success. (Coping questions)
    -how were you able to cope with?
  2. Inquire about past help seeking:
    -Have you been to counselling before?
  3. Ask directly about Strengths
    -what are your strengths?
  4. Ask indirectly about strengths
    -What would your best friend say you are good at?
  5. Relative influence questions (emphasis on what client did)
    -When you were managing well what were you doing? Differently 6. Strength from adversity. (Validation)
    -Even though you’re down to half of paycheck, you still managed to put your children’s needs first
  6. Externalize the problem
    -How does the anger get in the way?
  7. Orion towards the future.
    -Down the road imagine this problem no longer exists. How did you get there?

Extra: the hurdle strategy
-Many times clients don’t think they have any strengths this technique is about uncovering strengths to know existed so that they can think about how the strings can be utilized lies in other aspects of their lives

85
Q

What are the steps in the hurdle strategy?

A
  1. Identify an existing success: ask your client to identify some thing that they’re capable of doing on a regular basis
  2. Identify the barriers: think about all the potential barriers, hurdles, obstacles, challenges that your client would face, while they were learning/practicing getting better at their hobby
  3. Ask our client was able to overcome barriers: Asa Cline, how they managed or navigated each of the barriers you thought about intern, the client will tell you about a strategy or strength they used to get passed this barrier

Skills and abilities can be highlighted for the client, and perhaps assisted client in recognizing the skills may be used in other areas of life

86
Q

What is empathy?

A

Empathy is the cornerstone of active listening (attending, asking questions, summarizing, paraphrasing, silence, empathy)

87
Q

When can counsellors use empathy?

A

To explore clients behaviour ( explore what the client is doing or saying), thinking (explore clients beliefs/assumptions, inner dialogue, self esteem) feelings

88
Q

Define empathy

A

-understanding the emotional perspective of another person
-Communicating this understanding

89
Q

What are the three types of empathy?

A
  1. Invitational empathy
  2. Basic empathy
  3. Inferred empathy
90
Q

What is invitational empathy?

A

-encourages clients to explore emotions
-Signals intent to move the interview away from one of the other domains to focus on emotions
-Initiated with a simple question such as. How are you feeling?
-Another option is to say something like it might be helpful if we put solving this problem aside for a moment to explore how you feel
-says to the client that the counsellor is ready and able to talk about difficult feelings
-normalizes difficult client experiences and make makes talking about them easier and better to except
-encourages clients to talk about feelings, then responding nonjudgmental he says to the client it’s OK to feel this way

Example:
“ how/what do you feel?”

91
Q

What is basic empathy?

A

-is it counsellors acknowledgement of a clients clearly communicated feelings
-With basic empathy, counselors, perceive, and respond to feelings that are explicitly communicated
-Basic empathy mean, involve labelling feelings, or summarizing expressed feelings
-Says I’ve heard how you feel and I accept your feelings without judgement
-With basic empathy know attempt is made to interpret, Judge, or promote greater awareness, or insight beyond that which the client has already articulated

Examples:
“ you feel…”
“ my sense is that you might be feeling…”

92
Q

What is inferred embassy?

A

-Sometimes called advanced embassy
-Involves identifying clients feelings based on nonverbal cues, themes, and hence [indirect communication]
-Counselors should also pay careful attention to what their clients do not say, including avoided topics and shifts in focus

Example:
“ your tears suggest so you might be feeling…”
“ you’ve become very quiet perhaps you’re feeling…”

93
Q

What is the purpose of empathy?

A

-empathy, stimulates and encourages discussion of feelings
-Confirms feelings will be heard and accepted
-allows for expression of feelings which frees up energy for problem-solving
-An empathetic style facilitates change and it’s absence deters change

94
Q

What is the difference between sympathy and empathy?

A

-Empathy is our ability to understand how someone feels well sympathy is a relief for not having the same problems
-Sympathy is when you share the feelings of another
-Empathy is when you understand the feelings of another, but do not necessarily share them

95
Q

What is inappropriate empathy

A

Client: sometimes when he speaks to me that way, I just wanna go hide in a corner
Counsellor: it sounds like maybe you’re feeling embarrassed would you like to talk about ways of overcoming it?

96
Q

What is appropriate empathy?

A

Client: sometimes when he speaks to me that way I want to go hide in a corner
Counsellor: it sounds like maybe you’re feeling embarrassed

97
Q

Why is empathy important?

A

-one of the core conditions of helping that determine the outcome of counselling
-Encourages expression of emotions
-Normalizes, invalidates feelings, reduces isolation, and contribute to the development of the counselling relationship
-Increases awareness of emotions, including ambivalent feelings
-Stimulates further exploration of clients subjective experience
-Helps. Clients recognize the impact of emotions of themselves and others.
-Assess clients to understand how emotions influence decision making or how they can impede on action
-Provides a starting point for managing and expressing emotions in a constructive way
-By assisting clients to understand and manage feelings, energy is freed up for problem-solving and clients may be able to move ahead without further counsellor involvement

98
Q

When do we use empathy?

A

-when client express feelings
-when clients need to explore feelings
-When clients need an empathetic response

99
Q

What is ambivalence?

A

Is normal, and although it can keep people stuck, identification exploration and resolution of ambivalence can be a valuable part of decision making

100
Q

What are the four key questions that can be used to systematically evaluate options with ambivalence?

A
  1. What are the advantages of maintaining the status quo?
  2. What are the advantages of changing?
  3. What are the disadvantages of the status quo?
  4. What are the disadvantages for changing?

This method acknowledges that each course of action has costs and benefits
- It also presents a non-judge mental way to honour the fact that the client may Resist change for a good reason even when they pay a heavy price for doing so

101
Q

What is an encourager?

A

-“ terrible argument?”
-“perfect mother?”

102
Q

What is a simple encourager

A

“Uh huh”

“Head nods”

103
Q

What is silence?

A

-thinking, confusion, painful feelings, trust issues, personal style, closure

-Allow it to continue if decline is thinking or needs time to deal with feelings

-interrupt silence. If closure has been reached, meaning of silence is unclear or the client is having difficult feelings that require empathetic response.

-Promote to encourage reflection

104
Q

What is attending?

A

The way counselors, communicate that they are ready, willing, and able to listen

105
Q

What are the essential skills and attitudes of attending?

A

-genuinenes
-Control, internal and external noise
-In general Dash open posture, iContact, warm tone, encouraging comments

106
Q

What is paraphrasing?

A

Restatement of the clients words in different words, ending with a question or implied question. In order to confirm meaning, clarify, meaning, simplify meaning, present meaning from a different perspective.

107
Q

What are the four dimensions of a paraphrase?

A
  1. Sentence stem.
    -“ John it sounds like…”
  2. Keywords: use of main ideas and some exact words.
  3. Essence: of what client said, and briefer, clearer form.
  4. Check out: for accuracy.
108
Q

What are the purpose of questions?

A

-Information gathering
-Focusing the interview
-Promoting insight:
• thought, provoking questions
• bringing attention to ideas, feelings, and issues that have been overlooked
• sequencing questions teaches a systematic way of analyzing problems

109
Q

What are the two questions you must always know about your client

A
  1. What does your client want?
  2. What is preventing them from getting what they want
110
Q

What are the questioning pitfalls? (Name and recognize)

A
  1. Jargon: make confuse clients consist of abbreviations, distinctive words, and phrases that are only understood by the profession
  2. Leading (bias) questions: suggest a preferred answer
  3. Excessive questioning: can overwhelm, clients, frustrate, clients, confused, clients, exhaust clients, leave feeling clients bombarded and interrogated.
  4. Multiple questions: two or more questions asked at the same time can confuse clients and take interview in different directions.
  5. Irrelevant and poorly timed: may bias clients answers, antagonize clients, or keep the interview at a superficial level
  6. Why questions: should be use cautiously, communicates, judgment, disapproval, or embedded advice, can be rude.
111
Q

What are the types of questions?

A
  1. Open: who, what, when, where, why, how
  2. Closed: can, do, is, will, have, did, are
  3. Indirect: I’d like to know something about… I’m wondering…. I’m interested in hearing your thoughts
112
Q

What are encouragers and directives

A

Used to encourage clients to continue with their stories

113
Q

What is an example of a restatement?

A

“Had a terrible argument”

114
Q

Directive example:

A

“Tell me more about”

115
Q

How to promote concreteness

A
  1. Ask questions.
  2. Ask about the meaning
  3. Ask for details.
  4. Seek examples.
  5. Explore feelings.
  6. Explore behavior.
  7. Explore thinking.
  8. Summarize and paraphrase.
116
Q

What are the six questions for every interview?

A
  1. What brings you here today?
  2. What are your expectations of me
  3. What do I need to know about your situation?
  4. What do you mean by…?
  5. What did we accomplish?
  6. What have we missed?
117
Q

Promoting concreteness when a client shared ambiguous information

A

Client: I feel a bit off today?
Counsellor: a bit off?

118
Q

What are the four phases of counseling?

A
  1. Preliminary
  2. Beggining
  3. Action
  4. Ending
119
Q

What is the ending phase of counseling?

A

-ending the counselling relationship
-Referring to other resources
-Giving information
-Supporting

120
Q

What is summarizing?

A

-Confirms understanding, and checks assumptions
-Organizes complex data
-Focuses interview and sets priorities by separating important information from unimportant information

121
Q

What is a Content summary?

A

Unedited condensing

122
Q

What is the theme summary?

A

Keep patterns and priorities

123
Q

What is a selective perception? (Summary)

A

Tendency to see, and hear only parts of a message influenced by frame of reference 

124
Q

Ending phase example

A

Highlight client strengths, capacities, rights
-contracting: planning for next steps or closure
-key questions and feedback
-inviting client return
-highlighting goals and next steps
-confirming next appointment

Referring to other resources and giving information:
-summarizing and reviewing options
-Providing pamphlets and contacts
-Possible use of homework

Supporting:
-Reassuring; fostering optimism; reinforcing; advocating; providing direct aid; praising

125
Q

What’s included in the preliminary phase of counselling

A

-interview planning
-Preparing the setting
-Planning
-self-awareness

126
Q

What’s included in the beginning phase of counseling?

A

-negotiating relationship
-Exploration for understanding
-active listening
-Promoting core conditions
-Defining the relationship
-Strengths focus

127
Q

What’s included in the action phase of counseling?

A

-goalsetting an action planning
-Helping clients change, behavior, feelings, or perceptions
-Teaching
-Giving information
-Supporting
-Confronting
-Immediacy

128
Q

Examples of preliminary activities and skills

A

-Interview planning: reading files, gathering info, confirming times
-Prepare the setting: ensuring comfortable environment, planning for safety
-Planning: being organized, thinking ahead
-self-awareness: ability to know, and understand your own biases, remind yourself of your professional principles, and that you were there for the client

129
Q

Examples of the beginning, phase activities, and skills

A

-environment setting; offer beverage
-Friendly, greeting; small talk
-Explore pass counselling experiences
-Share qualifications
-Share information about agency
-Discuss information about the counselling process
-Discuss fees and payment
-Discuss the pros and cons of counselling
-Confidentiality
-Expectations
-Personal philosophy

130
Q

When do interview transitions occur?

A

When the topic of the interview shift, some from one subject to another

131
Q

What are natural transitions?

A

Arises. The discussion flows seamlessly from one topic to another, with clear links between the two topics. The most common natural transition occurs when clients mention new things as part of the interview, and the counsellor uses this information to jump to a new topic.

As I talk about my dissatisfaction with my job, I realize the same could be said about my marriage

132
Q

What are strategic transitions?

A

Arise, when counsellors make choices among topic alternatives

Client: this has been the worst year for me, and my finances were disaster. I’ve lost my job. I think I’ll go under my marriage is failing. My kids are having a hard time. My daughters avoiding me, and my son is on drugs

133
Q

What are control transitions?

A

Used to manage interviews direction
-sometimes necessary, because the topic is a relevant or prevents dialogue on more important issues
-Ensures interview time is productive

Elements of the interview that are open to control:
-Specific topics that are subject to focus
-The extent to which the interview focusses on each of the three domains
-Sequences in which topics are discussed, including decisions to move the interview from one phase to another
-use of time, including depth of discussion, as well as interview start and end times

134
Q

What is a phase transition?

A

-Used to topic change to help move the counselling process into the next phase

135
Q

What is connect/linking transition

A

Are used to join or blend ideas from our current teams for example, acclimate make continuous subtle references to need to have everything just write the counsellor might use to connect transition to bring the steam to foreground

136
Q

What is the difference between an open and close question

A

Closed: answer with yes or no, ask when needing to confirm specific facts or ideas , or with less verbal clients
Open: can’t be answered with yes, or no, preferred, give clients freedom to choose to answer the way they want, gives client control

137
Q

Review/reflect on when to use skills/techniques, and when not to use

A

Counselling Final (1 decks)

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