Counseling theories

Question 1

• Gestalt therapy

Answer 1

A psychotherapeutic approach developed by Fritz Perls (1893–1970). It focuses on insight into gestalts in patients and their relations to the world, and often uses role playing to aid the resolution of past conflicts.

A core belief in Gestalt psychology is holism—that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

Question 2

Adlerian approach

Answer 2

Adlerian Therapy, introduced by Alfred Adler (1870-1937), is a constructivist and encouragement-based counseling technique concentrating on prevention rather than remediation.

Adlerian therapy is goal-oriented and is based on the principle that the patient can overcome feelings of inferiority with the help of insight provided by a therapist.

Question 3

When can a counselor break confidentiality?

Answer 3

Client danger
If a client is a danger to themselves or others, a counselor may disclose information to prevent harm. This includes if a client has expressed a specific plan to harm themselves or has begun inflicting harm on themselves.

Abuse
A counselor is legally required to report abuse or neglect of children, elderly people, or people with disabilities. This includes child abuse, elder abuse, and domestic violence.

Court order
A counselor may be legally required to disclose information by a court order.

State or federal laws
A counselor may be required to disclose information by state or federal laws.

Question 4

When should a counselor report abuse?

Answer 4

Within 48 hours of first becoming suspicious.

Question 5

What are the four 5 principle ethical standards of counselors?

Answer 5

The five bedrock principles of autonomy, justice, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and fidelity are each vital in and of themselves to a healthy counseling relationship.

Question 6

Schema Therapy

Answer 6

Schema therapy (ST) is an integrative approach that brings together elements from cognitive behavioral therapy, attachment and object relations theories, and Gestalt and experiential therapies. It was introduced by Jeff Young in 1990 and has been developed and refined since then.

Schema therapy is a type of talk therapy that focuses on schemas, which are frameworks people use to make sense of themselves and their surroundings. It aims to replace unhealthy or unrealistic schemas with balanced ones, in order to improve mental well-being.

Question 7

What is ANSA?

Answer 7

The Adult Needs and Strengths Assessment (ANSA) is a clinical tool that helps identify the needs and strengths of adults with behavioral health challenges.

Question 8

Who was Abraham Harold Maslow?

Answer 8

Abraham Harold Maslow was an American psychologist who created Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Question 9

Who was B. F. Skinner?

Answer 9

B.F. Skinner was an American psychologist best known for developing the theory of behaviorism

Question 10

Who was Carl Jung?

Answer 10

Carl Jung is a Swiss psychologist (1875-1961) who is best known for analytical theory and the two compartments of the unconscious.

Question 11

Who was Fritz Perls?

Answer 11

Fritz Perls (1893-1970). Fritz Perls was a 20th century psychiatrist who founded Gestalt therapy in collaboration with his wife, Laura Perls.

Question 12

Who was Erik Erikson?

Answer 12

Erik Erikson was an American child psychoanalyst known for his theory on psychosocial development of human beings. He coined the phrase identity crisis.

Question 13

What is EMDR?

Answer 13

EMDR stands for Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing. It is a psychotherapy technique that helps people process distressing memories and heal from trauma

Question 14

What is CBT?

Answer 14

CBT explores the relationship between a person’s feelings, thoughts, and behaviors. It often focuses on identifying negative thoughts and replacing them with healthier ones.

Question 15

What are two disorders CBT is commonly used to treat?

Answer 15

Anxiety and depression
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
Addictions
Anger problems
Bipolar disorder
Eating problems
Hoarding
Phobias

Question 16

What is DBT?

Answer 16

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) is a type of psychotherapy that helps people learn to manage their emotions and improve their relationships.

Question 17

Who developed DBT?

Answer 17

DBT was originally developed by psychologist Marsha Linehan in the 1970s and 1980s to treat chronic suicidality in people with BPD.

Question 18

What are two conditions DBT is used to treat?

Answer 18

Borderline personality disorder (BPD)
Depression
Eating disorders
Self-harm
Suicidal behavior
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Substance use disorder
Anxiety

Question 19

What is the BDI?

Answer 19

The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). It is a widely used assessment scale designed to evaluate the severity of depressive symptoms in individuals.

Question 20

What is the EPDS?

Answer 20

The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale is a 10-item questionnaire that was developed to identify women who have postpartum depression.

Question 21

What is the BAI?

Answer 21

Beck Anxiety Inventory. It is A 21-item self-reported questionnaire used to assess the severity of symptoms of anxiety in adults.

Question 22

What is the SHAPS?

Answer 22

Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale. The SHAPS is a 14-item scale that measures anhedonia, the inability to experience pleasure. The items cover the domains of: social interaction, food and drink, sensory experience, and interest/pastimes.

Question 23

What is the (C-SSRS)?

Answer 23

COLUMBIA-SUICIDE SEVERITY RATING SCALE.

The Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale is a unique suicide risk assessment tool that supports suicide risk assessment through a series of simple, plain-language questions that anyone can ask. The answers help users identify whether someone is at risk for suicide, assess the severity and immediacy of that risk, and gauge the level of support that the person needs.

Question 24

Does privileged communication exist in group therapy?

Answer 24

In most states, privileged communication does not exist in group settings due to the third-party rule, which states that information revealed in front of a third party was not intended to be private and is not privileged. So, group members can testify against other group members regarding information that was revealed in group

Question 25

What is the PHQ-9?

Answer 25

The nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire is a depressive symptom scale and diagnostic tool introduced in 2001 to screen adult patients in primary care settings.

Question 26

What is the Lacanian Theory?

Answer 26

Lacanian theory, also known as Lacanianism or Lacanian psychoanalysis, is a theoretical system that explains the mind, behavior, and culture. It was developed by Jacques Lacan between the 1950s and 1980s, and is based on a structuralist and post-structuralist extension of classical psychoanalysis.

Lacan concept of Need, Demand, and Desire. Lacan divides the psychological development of a child into three different stages they are ‘need’ ‘demand’ and ‘desire.

Question 27

What is the Kleinian theory?

Answer 27

Kleinian theory, also known as object relations theory, is a theory of psychoanalysis that focuses on how people interact with others and how those interactions affect their psychological development. Melanie Klein, a British psychoanalyst, is considered one of the main founders of this theory.

Klein’s theory emphasized the idea of objects, which are related to human contact during infancy. The most important objects to a child are the mother and the mother’s breast. According to Klein, infants are born with an unconscious fantasy life.

Question 28

What is the Jungian theory?

Answer 28

Jungian theory, also known as analytical psychology, is a theory of the human psyche that is based on the idea that the unconscious mind is a source of wisdom and guidance. Some core concepts of
Jungian theory include:

The unconscious
Jung believed that each person has their own unconscious self, as well as a collective unconscious that is shared across cultures and generations.

Archetypes
Jung believed that the collective unconscious is made up of universal archetypal personality characteristics, such as the persona, shadow, anima or animus, and self.

Jungian analysis aims to help people recognize their self-worth and uniqueness, embrace the unconscious, resolve conflicts, and develop a unified personality.

Question 29

What is Wilhelm Reich’s Character Analysis?

Answer 29

Reich character analysis was created by Wilhelm Reich, he is considered the Western originator of the science of Body Mind Psychotherapy.

There are 5 primary Character Structure Types, each with sub-types, as no person is one character type. We are a blend of all of them at some level, but typically one or two of them pre-dominate and reveal our primary bodily, emotional and mental personality defense or posture towards life.

The Unwanted Child (Schizoid)

The Needy Child (Oral)
The Endurer (Masochist)
The Controller Leader
(Psychopath)

The Perfectionist Obsessional (Rigid)