cough & cold

Question 1

What are the types of medication to treat rhinorrhea/nasal congestion/post nasal drip

Answer 1

antihistamines
decongestants
mucoregulators/mast cell stabiliser for more severe cases

Question 2

What is nasal congestion associated with

Answer 2

↑ parasympathetic stimulation of mucus secretion
↓ sympathetic vasoconstriction of submucosal blood vessels

Question 3

What can be used to treat severe cold symptoms

Answer 3

Ipratropium and Cromoglicic acid

Question 4

What is a SAMA used for severe cold symptoms

Answer 4

Ipratropium

Question 5

How can Ipratropium be adminstered

Answer 5

intranasal

Question 6

What is the MOA of Ipratropium?

Ipratropium ____ inflammation-induced ____ cholinergic receptor _____ which blocks the activation of ______. This leads to a ____ in stimulated mucus output and _____ volume

Answer 6

Ipratropium blocks inflammation-induced parasympathetic cholinergic receptor (M3) which blocks the activation of submucosal glands/globet cells. This leads to a decrease in stimulated mucus output and sputum volume

Question 7

What are the side effects of Ipratropium

Answer 7

• unpleasant taste
• dry mouth
• urinary retention in elderly

Question 8

How is cromoglicic acid administered

Answer 8

intranasal or inhaled

Question 9

What class of drugs does cromoglicic acid belong to

Answer 9

mast cell stabliser

Question 10

What is the MOA of cromoglicic acid

cromoglicic acid controls _____ channels to _____ cellular activation

mast cell degranulation induced by mediated FC epsilon receptor crosslinking

secretion of inflammatory mediators from ____, neutrophils and

________ secretion of Annexin A1

Answer 10

cromoglicic acid controls chloride channels to inhibit cellular activation

decrease mast cell degranulation induced by lgE mediated FC epsilon receptor crosslinking

decrease secretion of inflammatory mediators from eosinophils, neutrophils and macrophages

increase secretion of Annexin A1

Question 11

What are the side effects of cromoglicic acid

Answer 11

• throat & nasal irritation, dry mouth and cough
• unpleasant and bitter taste

Question 12

What is the duration of action for first gen antihistamines

Answer 12

4 - 6 hour

Question 13

What is the duration of action of second gen antihistamines

Answer 13

12- 24 h

Question 14

Name 3 first gen antihistamines commonly used in oral cough & cold medicine

Answer 14

chlorpheniramine
triprolidine
promethazine

Question 15

What are nasal decongestants also known as

Answer 15

sympathomimetic agents

Question 16

What are examples of sympathomimetic agents

Answer 16

Phenylephrine
Oxymetazoline
Naphzoline
Pseudoephedrine
Ephedrine

Question 17

How can sympathomimetic agents be administered

Answer 17

oral or intranasal

Question 18

What is the MOA of sympathomimetic agents

Sympathomimetic decongestants are direct _____ adrenoceptor ____ thus having the effect of ____ of nasal blood vessels. It also reduces _____ and secretion of ____

Answer 18

Sympathomimetic decongestants are direct alpha -adrenoceptor agonist, thus having the effect of vasoconstriction of nasal blood vessels. It also reduces inflammation and secretion of mucus

Question 19

Which of the nasal decongestants can be taken orally

Answer 19

Phenylephrine and Pseudoephedrine

Question 20

How are nasal corticosteroids administered?

Answer 20

intranasal