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Geography Paper 1 > Costal Landscapes And Change > Flashcards

Costal Landscapes And Change Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the littoral zone?

A

Area of the coast where rapid change happens. Contains the back-shore, foreshore nearshore and offshore.

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2
Q

Coastal characteristics

A

Waves:
Constructive - low energy, depositional
Destructive - high energy, remove sediment

Processes:
LSD - depositional, due to wind and tides
River and current causes sediment depositing
Sediment from erosion can build up due to mass movement/weathering

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3
Q

What are examples of erosional landforms?

A

Erosional landforms are caused by high energy

Cliffs, wave-cut platforms, arches, sea caves, stacks

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4
Q

What are examples of depositional landforms?

A

Depositions landforms are caused by low energy

Beaches, spits, bars, sand dunes, mudflats and salt marches

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5
Q

Low energy and high energy coast

A

Low energy - sheltered, lowland, coastal plains

Heigh energy - exposed, highland and lowland, rocky

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6
Q

What is meant by strata?

A

The layers of rock that make up the geology of the coast

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7
Q

What is meant by deformation and faulting?

A

Deformation - Is the result of rocks being deformed by tectonic activity
Faulting - fractures in rocks causing them to move from original positions

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8
Q

What is a concordat coastline?

A

Parallel strata, long sediment ridges parallel to the coast, lagoons are created between the strata

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9
Q

what is a Discordant coastline?

A

Strata perpendicular to the coastline, alternating hard rock and soft rock cause the formation of headlands and bays. Due to greater wave energy, headlands are eroded quicker to their corresponding bay.

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10
Q

Igneous rocks

A

Strong, pretty resistant to erosion and weathering

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11
Q

Metamorphic rock

A

Pretty resistant, van have faults and fracture more easily(slate)

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12
Q

Sedimentary rock

A

Lots of layers make it prone to erosion, more strata make erosion faster(shale)

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13
Q

Unconsolidated rock

A

Easily eroded, not held together strongly(clay, sand)

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14
Q

What can make rock/coastal geology prone to erosion

A

Unconsolidated/weakly consolidated strata which make the rock permeable,so will be prone to erosion as water permeates the strata and weakens it.

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15
Q

How can vegetation protect coastlines?

A

Unconsolidated sediment is bonded together by plant roots
Reduce wind speeds
Plant leaves decompose and create soil

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16
Q

Three formations due to coastal vegetation:

A

Sand dunes
Salt marches
Mangroves

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17
Q

What is a Halophyte?

A

Plants which can tolerate salt water

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18
Q

What is a xerophyte?

A

Plants which can tolerate very dry conditions (allows them to grow on beaches, forming sand dunes)

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19
Q

Explain plant succession on dunes?

A

Embryo dunes form with ‘pioneer’ species which create conditions for new plants to grow which makes them foredunes, and a new embryo dune will appear.
Yellow dunes and grey dunes are behind these new dunes with marram grass and gorse.

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20
Q

Explain the process of salt marsh succession:

A
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21
Q

In what conditions does most coastal erosion occur?

A

When:
Waves are largest
Waves are at 90* to the cliff
High tide
Heavy rainfall (percolation of strata and surface runoff)

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22
Q

Define hydraulic action:

A

Air trapped in the cliff/rock forces cracks to open as waves hit. As cracks get bigger, so does the impact each wave has.

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23
Q

Define abrasion:

A

Loose sediment is hit against cliffs by waves

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24
Q

Define attrition:

A

Lose sediment hits against other sediment and becomes smaller and more rounded over time

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25
Q

Define Corrosion:

A

Rain or seawater dissolves carbonate rocks

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26
Q

Describe wave cut notch:

A

Destructive waves erode base of cliff by abrasion and hydraulic action

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27
Q

Describe wave-cut platform:

A

After wave cut notch, the overhang collapses(mass movement) and the rock left at the base of where the cliff was is now a wave cut platform

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28
Q

Cave, arch, stack, stump - process

A

Cave is formed where section of soft rock is eroded quicker
Cave cuts through the other side of the cliff and an arch is formed
The center/roof of the cave collapses or erodes over time and a stack is formed, which erodes into a cliff.

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29
Q

Sediment transport - define traction

A

Sediment rolled along shoreline by waves/currents

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30
Q

Sediment transport- define Saltation

A

Sediment bounced along the shoreline

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31
Q

Sediment transport- define Suspension

A

Sediment carried in water

32
Q

Sediment transport- define Solution

A

Material dissolved in the water

33
Q

Define LSD

A

Waves meet the shore at an angle and moves sediment along the shoreline (effected by currents, tide and wind)

34
Q

Depositional landforms - define spit

A

Long strip of sand or shingle protruding into the sea
Due to LSD depositing sediment in its direction regardless of moving coastline

35
Q

Depositional landforms - define bay beaches

A

A beach formed within a bay due to low energy waves(because of protection from the headland)

36
Q

Depositional landforms - define tombolos

A

When a spit continues forming and eventually connects between an island and the mainland and forms a bridge between

37
Q

Depositional landforms - define barrier beach/bar

A

Where a lagoon is formed as a spit has continued forming until it connects to the mainland at each end

38
Q

Depositional landforms - define hooked spit

A

Secondary prevailing wind causes a spit formation to curve inwards towards the land

39
Q

Depositional landforms - define cuspate foreland

A

Triangular shaped feature extending outwards due to two winds going in opposite directions causing deposition from two directions

40
Q

What is the sediment cell concept?

A

Positive feedback: where change happens, and this change works to further increase the rate of change

Negative feedback:where change happens and works to decrease the rate of change and even reverse it

This introduces the theory that a sediment cell is constantly trying to reach dynamic equilibrium.
Sediment budget/equilibrium .

41
Q

What are the three types of weathering?

A

Mechanical: rocks breaking down due to physical force
Chemical: involves chemical reaction
Biological: action from plants, bacteria or animals

42
Q

Describe two mechanical weathering processes:

A

Freeze thaw: water in cracks expanding when it freezes(can cause breaking)
Salt crystallization: salt crystals forming in cracks exerting pressure on the rock

43
Q

Describe three Chemical weathering processes:

A

Carbonic acid in rain dissolves rocks
Hydrolysis?
Oxidation in minerals increases volume and can cause mechanical breakdown

44
Q

Biological weathering processes:

A

Plant roots: cracking rocks
Animal species boring into rock

45
Q

Describe mass movement

A

Falling of sediment due to gravity

46
Q

Describe the types of mass movement:

A

Rockfall: blocks of rock breaking off
Materials absorb water and become saturated, leads to mudflow
Topple: when strata tilt down towards the sea, causes sediment to topple forward

47
Q

Short term sea level change causes:

A

High tide, low tide
Atmosphere pressure can change sea level slightly

48
Q

Long term sea level change causes:

A

Sea temp change
Change in land height/level (isostatic change)

49
Q

Define eustatic change:

A

Change in sea level
(Ice melt and ice freezing, in glacial periods)

50
Q

Define isostatic change

A

Change in land level
(Glacier weight pushes land down, which rebounds when the ice melts)

51
Q

Emergent coastlines

A

Raised beaches(from isostatic rebound)
Fossil cliffs (coastline isolated from the sea and is no longer being eroded)

52
Q

Submergent coastlines

A

Often as a result of sea level rise(eustatic change)
Deep water rivers and fjords (at their bottoms)
Dalmatian coasts, the sea has drowned coastal land.

53
Q

Impacts of global warming on coasts

A

Higher seas and waves, so more erosion.
Disappearance of low Luke g ecosystems and landforms
Stronger storms (destructive waves, faster erosion)

54
Q

What physical factors affect rates of coastal erosion?

A

Wave types, destructive.
Prevailing Winds cause steeper and stronger waves.
Tides, higher leads to greater erosion
Submerging coast leads to faster erosion
Rock type changes erosion rates
Certain strata layout is more vulnerable to erosion

55
Q

What physical factors affect rates of erosion?

A

Coastal defenses can reduce erosion at one location but starve another of sediment supply
Example: groynes reduce LSD
Dams lead to less sediment input
Dredging reduces sediment supply

56
Q

What subaerial factors affect erosion at coasts?

A

Weathering: harsher weather, vulnerable rock types
Mass movement: rockfalls can expose more vulnerable rock types behind

57
Q

Factors affecting risk of flooding:

A

Low lying land
Subsiding land(isostatic sinking)(eg the Essex coast)
Vegetation removal: mangroves and marshes reduce wave power
Roots build up sediment

58
Q

How can climate change increase flood risk?

A

Change in precipitation patterns
Increased river discharge, shorter lag times)
Ice and permafrost can melt leading to flooding of surrounding areas

59
Q

What is the likely rise of sea level by 2100

A

28-98cm
(Likely 55cm)

60
Q

Adaptation strategies - water conservation and management

A

Positive: low cost and low impact
Negative: hard to maintain and can be costly in some areas

61
Q

Adaptation strategies - resilient agricultural systems

A

Changing crop cycles and types due to changes in climate
Takes a long time and requires demand for the new crop types

62
Q

Adaptation strategies - land use planning

A

Reduce risk to humans by preventing or managing risky land
Building changes can allow for revised risk assessment
Require developed community
Existing Land use cannot always be changed

63
Q

Adaptation strategies - flood risk management

A

Identify areas with risk to flooding, adapting the area to better cope
Afforestation and wetlands as well as mangrove can be used to reduce risk

High cost usually
Displacement of people

64
Q

Adaptation strategies- solar radiation management

A

Involves reducing heat energy for the sun

Requires international agreement as well as geoenginering (expensive)

65
Q

Mitigation strategies - renewable energies

A

Reduces emissions

Not always viable for developing countries

66
Q

Mitigation strategies - CCS

A

Can be used to reduce emissions from large power stations and factories

Suitable dumping locations are not always available
Expensive technology
Reduces profit margins

67
Q

Mitigation strategies - energy efficiency

A

Doesn’t keep up with increasing use of machine

68
Q

Mitigation strategies - carbon taxation

A

Encourage low carbon alternatives

Expensive alternatives
Some may not always want to change as well as increase expenses

69
Q

Mitigation strategies -

A

Reduces co2 emissions

Not all countries may agree

70
Q

Economic consequences due to coastal recession and flooding

A

Loss of property, UK does not pay compensation for lost homes
Falling property prices
Difficult to get insurance

71
Q

Social consequences due to coastal recession and flooding

A

Relocation cost
Loss of QOF
Health impacts
Death, injury

72
Q

Environmental consequences due to coastal recession and flooding

A

Loss of ecosystems and habitat
Landscape change

73
Q

Stats of people displaced due to climate related events

A

22.5 million 2008-2016

74
Q

What is rip rap?

A

Boulders

Expensive and unattractive

Reduces wave energy and increases deposition

75
Q

What is offshore breakwater?

A

Rocks out to sea to reduce wave energy

Geography Paper 1 (2 decks)

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