Cost Management Flashcards
Explain the cost behavior for fixed costs and how assumptions & relevant ranges affect it
Within in the relevant range they remain constant regardless of activity. However fixed cost put unit decreases as the level of activity increases w/in the relevant range.
Explain the cost behavior for variable costs and how assumptions & relevant ranges affect it
With in the relevant range they change directly with the level of input, however the cost per unit remains constant. All costs are long-term
Identify cost objects and cost pools and assign costs to appropriate activities.
Cost Object: Anything which a cost is assigned
Cost Pool: Where costs are grouped by type, origin, etc
Cost Driver: Measures that cause cost to increase, these are used to assign the costs appropriate activities.
Explain the nature of the Structural Cost Driver
A type of cost driver that whereas changes are related to the company’s operational structural cost increase ( i.e. scale, company experience level, technology)
Explain the nature of the Executional Cost Drivers
A type of cost driver that changes with the processes or activities performed (i.e. inspections, production runs)
Explain the relationship between cost drivers and costs
Cost drivers measures causes to cost increases and have a cause-and-effect relationship with how costs are accumulated. (Increase in production = Increase in utilities)
Explain the methods for measuring costs
1) Actual Costing: Actual DM, Actual DL & Actual MOH
2) Normal Costing: Actual DM, Actual DL & STD. MOH
3) Standard costing: Std, DM, Std DL & Std MOH
Explain the Cost Accumulation Methods for accumulating WIP and Finished Goods
1) Job-Order Systems are used for specific identifiable jobs (i.e. professional firms, specialized manufacturing)
2) Process costing is used for identical or similar products. Costs are charged as they move through production
Calculate and describe the benefits/limitations for the Actual Costing Method
Fx = Actual Direct Cost Rate x AQ for all costs
Benefit: Accurate cost
Limitation: Costs not immediately available and timeliness of financials may be affected.
Calculate and describe the benefits/limitations for the Normal Costing Method
Fx = Actual Direct Cost Rate x AQ for DM/DL + Std Cost rate x AQ for OH
Benefit: Smooths out fluctuations in OH costs, and cost reports are quicker to produce
Limitations: Significant deviations in applied vs actual OH may affect pricing/profitability.
Calculate and describe the benefits/limitations for the Standard Costing Method
Fx = Std Direct Cost Rate x AQ for all costs
Benefits: Assigns cost expectation, providing a way to control costs, encourages mgmt. by exception
Limitations: Mgmt. may tend to overemphasize costs stds w/o considering qualitative aspects (low quality material)
Explain variable (direct) costing and the benefits/limitations
Costs & OH are separated into VC & FC. All Manufacturing Cost except FOH are product costs. All other expenses and FOH are period costs.
Benefit: useful for decision making
Limitation: Not US GAAP and can’t be used for Tax, and it’s difficult/costly to separate mixed costs.
Explain absorption (full) costing and the benefits/limitations
Costs & OH are separated into VC & FC. All manufacturing costs are product cost and all other expenses are period costs.
Benefit: Confirms with US GAAP
Limitation: doesn’t enable reliable cost volume profit analysis compared to direct costing.
Explain the affects of Absorption & Variable Operating Income is on inventory/sales
A>V, P>S
Absorption OI > Variable OI when Production > Sales
Absorption OI < Variable OI when Production < Sales
Explain the appropriate use of joint product and by product costing.
Joint products are 2+ products that come from the same process. They are separated at the split off point when they become easily recognizable.
By-products are accidental products from a process that have little or no value and must be accounted for.
Explain the allocations of joint & by-product costs using the physical measure method, along with benefits and limitations.
Costs are allocated proportionately to the total quantity produced.
Benefits: Simple & easy to calculate
Limitations: joint products may have different physical measurements and physical measure is not value based.
Explain the allocations of joint & by-product costs using the Sales Value @ Split-off method, along with benefits and limitations.
Costs are allocated using the proportion of the market value of a joint product to the total market value at split-off.
Benefits: Simple & easy to compute and it’s value based
Limitations: Not easily measured due to unavailability of market value at split-off if joint product requires additional processing.
Explain the allocations of joint & by-product costs using the Constant Gross Profit (Gross Margin) method, along with benefits and limitations.
Cost are assigned by applying the overall gross profit margin to the market values after each split-off.
*Gross Margin = Gross profit/Total market value
Benefits: Allocates cost based on a unified gross profit rate
Limitations: Joint products have different actual gross profits making allocations not as useful in pricing decisions.
Explain the allocations of joint & by-product costs using the Net Realizable Value method, along with benefits and limitations.
Costs are allocated using the relative proportion of the market value of joint product to the total market value after additional processing.
Benefits: Considers the probable value of joint product after additional processing rather than split-off
Limitations: Other joint products may not be processes further.
Define the natures of the costing systems and when to use them
Job-order costing: Accumulates costs to a specific job. Used for more tailored products/services
Spoilage, Re-work, Scrap: Costs related to normal spoilage is included in COGS, & abnormal spoilage is expensed. Cost related to normal re-work are applied to the job and abnormal re-work is charged to a separate loss account. Scrap has little value and is included in the standard cost.
Process costing: Accumulates cost for identical/similar products. Costs are charged as a process is completed.
Activity Based Costing: Allocation of OH costs based on the activity performed that drive the activity.
Life-Cycle Costing: Cost for the life of the product. AKA Cradle-to-grave
Backflush Costing: Costs are recorded after goods are sold. Often used in a just-in-time environment.
4 Steps to calculate process costing problems
1) Determine the numerator to be used in computing the EUC (FIFO will be costs added for the period, WAVE will be the total costs to account for)
2) Calculate for the denominator or EUP for DM and Conversion Cost
3) Compute the EUP (Divided Step 1 by Step 2)
4) Reconcile cost to account for (double -check)
Discuss the strategic value of cost information
Must be both useful & timely
Must support planning for the future
Pricing is key for decision making
Cost is key for pricing
OH allocations affect performance management
Identify & describe the benefits & limitations of each cost accumulation system.
Job order costing is best for tracking cost around specialized products and allows for better analysis and cost control. However you have to track each cost, which may cost more to do, and isn’t good for high-volume.
Process costing is good for high-volume identical products and is compatible with standard costing systems. However estimates are used for % complete which could lead to inaccuracies, and not good for customized products.
ABC Costing is most accurate OH allocations, giving better analysis and you can see the cause/effect relationship. However, it’s costly to implement and not compliant with GAAP.
Life-cycle considers both product & period costs while emphasizing LT profitability. However it can only be used for internal reporting.
Calculate equivalent units
Equivalent Units (EUP) is equal to the total number of unfinished units multiped by their percentage of completion.