Cost Effectiveness Analysis Flashcards
What are the advantages and disadvantages of CEA?
Advnatages: Outcomes are easy to qualtyify by health units and used by HC in RCT and clinical practice
Disadvantages: Outcomes compared must be measured in the same units
What are the presentation methods of cost effectiveness?
- Cost consequence analysis
- Average cost-effectiveness ratio
- Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio
What is CCA?
- Displays cost and outcome data for each alternative in detailed format
- Readers can make individual opinions
- Not commonly used
What is ACER?
“Ratio of resources used per unit of clinical benefit”
1. Not clinically relevant because HCP aren’t questioning the choice to treat or not
What is ICER?
“Ratio of the difference in costs divided by the difference in outcomes
1. Most appropriate method for presenting CEA data
Desribe what a cost-effectiveness grid looks like?
What cells are considered cost effective? Not?
Effective: Cells D, G, H
Non-effective: Cells B, C, F
What should readers do if new treatment is equally effective at the same cost?
Readers must account for other factors to determine which treatment is the best option
Desribe what a cost-effectiveness plane looks like?
What is Incremental Net Benefit?
AKA “net benefit framework” or “net monetary benefit”
Alternative method to ICER for comparing cost-effectiveness of alternatives to current standard therapy
How do you in interpret INB equation?
INB = (λ× Δ Effects) − Δ Costs
INB > 0 -> cost-effective
INB < 0 -> not cost-effective
What are the advantages and disadvantages of INB?
Advantages:
* Reduces statisitcal restrictions
* Less ambiguous results, when compared to ICER
Disadvantages:
* Difficulty to assign a monetary value on health benefits (similar to CBA)
How do you use ICER to determine if something is cost-effective?
If λ is greater than ICER, it is considered cost-effective
What are primary outcomes?
Examples?
Not always possible to study primary outcomes due to lack of time or funding
Ex: cures of disease, eradication of infection, life years saved
What are intermediate outcomes?
Examples?
Used when researchers are unable to study primary outcomes due to lack of time or funding
Ex: surrogate endpoints, lab values or disease markers
What is the gold standard of determining efficacy?
RCT
