COSC 65 - Architecture and Organization Flashcards
Refers to those attributes of the system that are visible to the software programmer and have a direct impact on the logical execution of a program
Computer Architecture
Contains hardware components that are used for building the system.
System Design
Includes all the instructions provided to the computer system.
Instruction Set Architecture
Give minute detail about storage element
Micro Architecture
Refers to the way the various components of a computer system are interconnected and work together to perform tasks and execute programs.
Computer Organization
Primary elements which make the functioning of an electronic device smooth and faster.
Components of a Computer
5 Basic Components
- Input Unit
- Output Unit
- Memory Unit
- Control Unit
- Arithmetic and Logical Unit
A computer will only respond when a command is given to the device.
Input Unit
When we command a computer to perform a task, it reverts for the action performed and gives us a result.
Output Unit
When we enter the data into the computer using an input device, the entered information immediately gets saved in the ________ of the Central Processing Unit (CPU).
Memory Unit
This is the core unit which manages the entire functioning of the computer device.
Control Unit
All the mathematical calculations or arithmetic operations performed in a computer.
Arithmetical and Logical Unit
Part of the abstract model of a computer that defines how the CPU is controlled by the software.
Instruction Set Architecture
Interface between the hardware and the software, specifying both what the processor is capable of doing as well as how it gets done.
Instruction Set Architecture
It encompasses all the information necessary for programmers to write a machine language program that will run correctly
ISA
It allows computer designer to talk about the functions independently from the hardware that perform them.
ISA
A microprocessor architecture with a simple collection and highly customized set of instructions.
Reduced Instruction Set Computer Processor (RISC)
It is built to minimize the instruction execution time by optimizing and limiting the number of instructions.
Reduced Instruction Set Computer Processor (RISC)
Used to perform various complex instructions by combining them into simpler ones.
Reduced Instruction Set Computer Processor (RISC)
It is developed by the Intel. It has a large collection of complex instructions that range from simple to very complex and specialized in the assembly language level, which takes a long time to execute the instructions.
Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC)
These are tiny, lightning-fast memory units inside the CPU. They store data temporarily during processing, making instructions run smoothly and managing data efficiently within the CPU.
Registers
Keeps track of the memory address of the next instruction to be fetched and executed.
Program Counter
Holds the currently fetched instruction being executed by the CPU.
Instruction Register
Stores the memory address that is to be accessed for reading or writing data.
Memory Address Register
Holds the data retrieved from memory or the data to be written to memory.
Memory Data Register
Stores the result of arithmetic and logic operations performed by the CPU.
Accumulator
It is a super-fast memory that stores frequently used data from main memory.
Cache memory
Maps each block of main memory into only one possible cache line.
Direct Mapping
It is used to store the content and addresses of the memory word
Associative Mapping
It is an enhanced form of direct mapping where the drawbacks of direct mapping are removed.
Set-Associative Mapping
Three types of Cache Mapping
Direct, Associative, Set-Associative
It is a crucial part of modern computers that stores programs and information for the processor to use.
Main Memory / RAM
Types of Main Memory
Static, Dynamic
It is a small but extremely fast type of memory that stores frequently accessed data.
Static Memory
It is used as the main memory in most computers and mobile devices because of its high density and lower cost per bit.
Dynamic RAM
This includes hard disk drives (HDD) and solid-state drives (SSD), is a type of non-volatile memory that has a much larger storage capacity than main memory.
Secondary storage
It is a way of organizing computer memory in a hierarchical manner, with different levels of memory having varying levels of speed, capacity, and cost.
Memory Hierarchy
A technique that allows a processor to execute multiple instructions at the same time, by breaking them down into smaller steps.
Pipelining
In this stage the CPU reads instructions from the address in the memory whose value is present in the program counter.
Stage 1 (Instruction Fetch)
In this stage, memory operands are read and written from/to the memory that is present in the instruction.
Stage 4 (Memory Access)
In this stage, ALU operations are performed.
Stage 3 (Instruction Execute)
In this stage, instruction is decoded and the register file is accessed to get the values from the registers used in the instruction.
Stage 2 (Instruction Decode)
In this stage, computed/fetched value is written back to the register present in the instructions.
Stage 5 (Write Back)
It represents the stages in which an instruction is moved through the various segments of the processor, starting from fetching and then buffering, decoding and executing.
Instruction pipeline
It represents the parts of an arithmetic operation that can be broken down and overlapped as they are performed.
Arithmetic pipeline
It emphasizes to build complex instructions directly in the hardware because the hardware is always faster than software.
Complex Instruction Set Computer
It require several transistors, making it cheaper to design and reduce the execution time for instruction.
Reduced Instruction Set Computer Processor
A microprocessor architecture with a simple collection and highly customized set of instructions. It is built to minimize the instruction execution time by optimizing and limiting the number of instructions.
Reduced Instruction Set Computer Processor
RISC Three (3) Parameters
Fetch, Decode, Execute
Give 5 Registers
Program Counter, Instruction Register, Memory Address Register, Memory Data Register, Accumulator
