Cortical organisation and function Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the frontal lobe?

A
  • regulating and initiating motor function
  • language
  • cognitive functions e.g. planning
  • attention
  • memory
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2
Q

What are the functions of the parietal lobe?

A
  • sensation: touch, pain
  • sensory aspects of language
  • spatial orientation and self-perception
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3
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

A
  • processing visual information
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4
Q

What are the functions of the temporal lobe?

A
  • processing auditory information
  • emotions
  • memory
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5
Q

What structures make up the limbic lobe?

A
  • amygdala
  • hippocampus
  • mammillary body
  • cingulate gyrus
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6
Q

What are functions of the limbic lobe?

A
  • learning
  • memory
  • emotion
  • motivation and reward
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7
Q

Where is the insular cortex found?

A

deep within lateral tissue (between frontal and temporal lobe)

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8
Q

What are the functions of the insular cortex?

A
  • visceral sensations
  • autonomic control
  • interoception
  • auditory processing
  • visual-vestibular integration
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9
Q

What is grey matter?

A

neuronal cell bodies and glial cells

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10
Q

What is white matter?

A

myelinated neuronal axons arranged in tracts

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11
Q

What are association fibres?

A

white matter tracts that connect areas within SAME hemisphere
–> short fibres and long fibres (superior longitudinal fasciculus, arcuate fasciculus, inferior longitudinal fasciculus and uncinate fasciculus)

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12
Q

What are commissural fibres?

A

white matter tracts that connect similar structures in the left and right hemispheres
e.g. corpus callosum, anterior commissure

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13
Q

What are projection fibres?

A

white matter tracts that connect the cortex w/ lower brain structures e.g. thalamus, brainstem, spinal cord
(corona radiata, internal capsule)

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14
Q

What are the differences between primary and secondary/association cortices?

A
  • 1y= predictable function, whereas 2y less predictable
  • 1y organised topographically, but 2y not
  • 1y has symmetry between left and right, whereas weak/absent symmetry in 2y cortices (some only found on one hemisphere)
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15
Q

What are the motor areas in the frontal lobe?

A
  • primary motor cortex: somatotopic, fine/precise voluntary movements
  • supplementary area: planning movements (INternally cued)
  • premotor area: planning complex movements (EXternally cued)
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16
Q

What is the difference between the primary somatosensory cortex and the somatosensory association cortex?

A
  • 1y processes somatic sensations arising from receptors in body (e.g. fine touch, vibration etc…)
  • association cortex interprets significance of sensory info (e.g. recognising object placed in hand)
17
Q

What is the difference between the primary visual cortex and the visual association cortex?

A
  • primary visual processes visual stimuli

- visual association gives meaning and interpretation fo visual input

18
Q

What is the difference between the primary auditory cortex and the auditory association cortex?

A
  • primary auditory processes auditory stimuli

- auditory association gives meaning and interpretation of auditory input

19
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex?

A
  • attention
  • adjusting social behaviour
  • planning
  • personality
  • decision making
20
Q

What is the Broca’s area and what would occur if there was a lesion here?

A
  • association area in left (usually) frontal lobe
  • involved in PRODUCTION of language
  • N.B. if lesion, expressive aphasia- poor production of speech, but comprehension intact
21
Q

What is the Wernicke’s area and what would occur if there was a lesion here?

A
  • association area in left temporal lobe
  • involved in the COMPREHENSION of language
  • N.B. if lesion, receptive aphasia- poor comprehension of speech, but production is fine
22
Q

What are classic symptoms of a parietal lobe lesion?

A
  • contralateral neglect
  • lack of awareness of self on contralateral side
  • lack of awareness of extra personal space on contralateral side
23
Q

What are classic symptoms of a temporal lobe lesion?

A
  • agnosia (inability to recognise)

- anterograde amnesia (inability to form new memories)

24
Q

What is prosopagnosia?

A

inability to recognise familiar faces or learn new faces (face blindness)

25
Q

What does a PET scan indicate when it lights up?

A

blood flow directly to that brain region

26
Q

What does fMRI assess?

A

amount of blood oxygen in an area of the brain

27
Q

What does EEG measure?

A

electrical signals produced by the brain

28
Q

What does MEG measure?

A

magnetic signals produced by the brain

29
Q

What is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)?

A
  • uses electromagnetic induction to stimulate neurons (with a coil outside the head)
  • assesses functional integrity of neural circuits
  • can also be used as a therapeutic intervention
30
Q

What is transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)?

A
  • uses low direct current over the scalp to increase or decrease neuronal firing rates
  • potential therapy
31
Q

What is diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)?

A
  • brain imaging based on diffusion of water molecules

- gives insight into connections within brain