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Neuro > Cortical Organisation and function > Flashcards

Cortical Organisation and function Flashcards

1
Q

How is the brain microscopically organised (two words)

A

Layers and Columns

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2
Q

What numbers of the Brodmann’s classification do the primary motor cortex and the primary somatosensory cortex encompass?

A

Somatosensory - 1,2,3 // Motor Cortex - 4

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3
Q

What are the 4 functions of the frontal lobe?

A

CALM - Cognition, Attention, Language, Memory

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4
Q

What are the 4 functions of the parietal lobe?

A

SSSS - sensation, sensory parts of language, spatial orientation, self-perception

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5
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

Visual information processing

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6
Q

What are the 3 functions of the temporal lobe?

A

AME - auditory information processing, memories, emotions

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7
Q

What 4 structures are included in the limbic lobe?

A

Amygdala, Cingulate Gyrus, Hippocampus, Mamillary Body

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8
Q

What are the 5 functions associated with the limbic lobe?

A

learning, motivation, emotion, memory, reward

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9
Q

What are the 5 functions associated with the insular cortex

A

Visceral sensations (thirst & hunger),
Autonomic control,
Interoception (internal sensation - heartbeat),
Auditory processing,
Visual-vestibular integration

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10
Q

What are the two components of the internal cerebral cortex structure?

A

Grey matter (outside) - neuron bodies and glial cells,
White matter (inside) - myelinated neuron axons

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11
Q

What are the three types of fibres that connect the white matter and which structures do they connect

A

Association fibres - same side of brain,
Commissural fibres - homologous structures in left and right,
Projection fibres - cortex with thalamus, brainstem, spinal cord

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12
Q

What are the two types of fibres in the association fibres?

A

Short and Long fibres

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13
Q

What are 4 examples of association fibres?

A

Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus (frontal & occipital) //
Inferior Longitudinal Fasciculus (temporal & occipital) //
Arcuate Fasciculus (frontal and temporal) //
Uncinate Fasciculus - anterior frontal and temporal //// longitudinal goes to occipital, other two are frontal temporal

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14
Q

What are the two types of commissural fibres?

A

Corpus callosum,
Anterior commissure

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15
Q

When would the corpus callosum be severed?

A

To prevent severe epilepsy from travelling from one side to another

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16
Q

What are the two classifications for projection fibres by direction?

A

Afferent - towards cortex,
Efferent - away from cortex

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17
Q

What are a specific group of projection fibres?

A

Corona Radiata
radiate deep to the cortex

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18
Q

Where is the corona radiata found?

A

Internal capsule (between thalamus and basal ganglia)

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19
Q

How is the localisation of function different between primary cortices and secondary/association cortices?

A

Primary - predictable, topographical organisation, L-R symmetry.
Vice versa for secondary/association

20
Q

What movements do the primary motor cortex control?

A

Fine, discrete, precise voluntary movements

21
Q

What movements do the supplementary area control?

A

Complex internally cued movements - rising from chair

22
Q

What movements does the premotor area control?

A

Planning movements (external) - respond to environment (Premotor - pre-motor actions)

23
Q

What does the primary somatosensory area do?

A

Processes somatic sensations - fine touch, vibration, two-point discrimination, proprioception, pain, temperature

24
Q

What does the somatosensory association do?

A

Significance of sensory information - recognising context

25
Q

What does the primary visual do?

A

Processes visual information

26
Q

What does the visual association do?

A

Meaning and interpretation to visual input

27
Q

What does the primary auditory do?

A

Processes auditory information

28
Q

What does the auditory association do?

A

Meaning and interpretation to audio input

29
Q

What does the prefrontal cortex association do?

A

PAPAD - personality, attention, planning, adjusting social behaviour, decision making

30
Q

What does Broca’s area do, and the effect of a lesion?

A

Production of language, expressive aphasia

31
Q

What does Wernicke’s area do, and the effect of a lesion?

A

Comprehension of language, receptive aphasia

32
Q

How are the Broca and Wernicke areas connected?

A

arcuate fasciculus

33
Q

What is the effect of a parietal lobe lesion?

A

contralateral neglect - lack of awareness on contralateral side - cannot see other side etc.
e.g. doesn’t eat from left side/ shave/ wear clothes

34
Q

What is the effect of a frontal lobe lesion?

A

Changes in personality, inappropriate behaviour
can be due to stroke and restriction of blood flow

35
Q

What are the two effects of a temporal lobe lesion?

A

Agnosia (cannot recognise) -lateral
Anterograde Amnesia (cannot form new memories) -medial

36
Q

How is the cerebral cortex damaged?

A

usually due to restriction of blood flow, stroke.
Transient ischaemic attack is when there is no irreversible damage. (temporary blockage)

37
Q

What is the effect of a primary visual cortex lesion?

A

Blindness in that part of visual field

38
Q

What is the effect of a lesion in visual association area?

A

Hard to interpret visual information - prosopagnosia (face blindness)

39
Q

Three main arteries that supply the brain

A

Anterior, middle, posterior cerebral artery.

40
Q

What two imaging scans are used for the lobes, and what for?

A

PET (blood flow to brain region), helpful for research
functional MRI (blood oxygen in brain region)

41
Q

How would you assess electrical and magnetic signals in the brain

A

Electroencephalography (EEG), used for epilepsy
Magentoencepahlography (MEG)

42
Q

How do you carry out signalling tests?

A

Evoked-potentials: place electrodes that release impulse, and detect effect on the nerve

43
Q

How would you assess functional integrity of neuronal circuits?

A

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation - using electromagnetic induction (for MS)

44
Q

How would you detect firing rates of neurons?

A

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation
low direct current over the scalp to increase or decrease neuronal firing rate

45
Q

What are the two types of imaging to visualise brain connectivity?

A

Diffusion Tensor Imaging (using water diffusion) and DTI with tractography (to build a 3D reconstruction)
Shows water diffusion of water molecules across neurons

Neuro (12 decks)

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