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Y2 NEUROLOGY > Cortical organisation and function > Flashcards

Cortical organisation and function Flashcards

1
Q

How is the brain organized on a microscopic level?

A

Organised into 6 layers and columns

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2
Q

what is the name given to the structure that seperates the frontal and parietal lobes of the brain?

A

central sulcus

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3
Q

what is the name and primary function of the structure located directly anteriorly to the central sulcus?

A

pre-central gyrus, primary motor cortex.

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4
Q

what is the name and primary function of the structure located directly posteriorly to the central sulcus?

A

post-central sulcus, primary somatosensory cortex

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5
Q

what are the 5 main functions of the frontal lobe?

A

regulation and initiation of motor function. language. cognitive functions. attention. memory

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6
Q

what are the 4 main functions of the parietal lobe?

A

sensation, senory aspects of language, spatial orientation and self-perception

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7
Q

what is the main function of the occipital lobe?

A

processing visual information

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8
Q

what are the three main functions of the temporal lobe?

A

processing auditory information, emotions and memories

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9
Q

What parts of the brain is the limbic lobe composed of?

A

amyglada, hippocampus, mamillary body and cingulate gyrus

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10
Q

what is the function of the limbic lobe?

A

is concerned with learning, memory, emotion, motivation and reward

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11
Q

where is the insular cortex located?

A

deep within the lateral fissure

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12
Q

what is the function of the insular cortex?

A

concerned with visceral sensations, autonomic control, interoception, auditory processing, visual-vestibular integration (sense of reality)

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13
Q

What is grey matter composed of?

A

neuronal cell bodies and glial cells.

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14
Q

what is white matter composed of?

A

myelinated neuronal axons

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15
Q

How are cortical areas connected?

A

by white matter tracts

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16
Q

what are association fibres?

A

connect areas within the same hemisphere

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17
Q

what are commisural fibres?

A

connect homologous structures in left and right hemispheres

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18
Q

what are projection fibres?

A

connect cortex with lower brain structures (thalamus, brain stem and spinal cord)

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19
Q

which specific fibre tract connects frontal and occipital lobes?

A

superior longitudinal fasciculus

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20
Q

which specific fibre tract connects frontal and temporal lobes?

A

arcuate fasciculus and uncinate fasciculus

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21
Q

which specific fibre tract connects temporal and occipital lobes?

A

inferior longitudinal tract

22
Q

what are the two main commissural fibres?

A

corpus callosum and anterior commissure

23
Q

in what direction do afferent projection fibres go?

A

towards cortex

24
Q

in what direction do efferent projection fibres travel?

A

away from cortex

25
Q

describe what happens to projection fibres as they move deeper to the cortex

A

radiate as the corona radiata and converge through internal capsule between thalamus and basal ganglia

26
Q

what is the difference between primary cortices and secondary/association cortices?

A

primary cortices have a predictable function, secondary less so. Primary are organised topographically, secondary are not. primary cortices show symmetry between left and right hemispheres, secondary have a weak or absent symmetry

27
Q

what is the function of the primary motor cortex?

A

control of fine, discrete, precise voluntary movements. Provides descending signals to execute movements.

28
Q

what is the function of the supplementary motor area?

A

involved in planning complex movements (internally cued)

29
Q

what is the function of the premotor area?

A

involved in planning movements (externally cued)

30
Q

what is the function of the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

processes somatic sensations arising from receptors in the body (fine touch, vibration, propioception, pain and temperature)

31
Q

what is the function of the somatosensory association area?

A

interpret significance of sensory information e.g. recognizing an object placed in hand. awareness of self and personal space

32
Q

what is the function of the primary visual area?

A

process visual stimuli

33
Q

what is the function of the visual associated area?

A

gives meaning and interpretation of visual input

34
Q

what is the function of the primary auditory lobe?

A

processes auditory stimuli

35
Q

what is the function of the auditory association area?

A

gives meaning and interpretation of auditory input?

36
Q

what is the function of Brocas area (association)?

A

production of language

37
Q

what is the function of the prefrontal cortex (association area)?

A

attention, adjusting behaviour, planning, personality expression, decision making

38
Q

what is the function of Wernickes area?

A

understanding of language

39
Q

What do frontal lobe lesions cause?

A

changes in personality and inapropiate behaviour

40
Q

what do parietal lobe lesions cause?

A

contralateral neglect, lack of awareness of self and awareness of extrapersonal space

41
Q

what do temporal lobe lesions cause?

A

agnosia- inability to recognise

42
Q

what occurs following a lesion to Brocas area?

A

Expressive aphasia - poor production of speech but communication intact

43
Q

what occurs following a lesion to Wernickes area?

A

Receptive aphasia - poor comprehension of speech, production is fine

44
Q

What occurs following a lesion to the primary visual cortex?

A

blindness in the corresponding part of visual field

45
Q

what occurs following a lesion to the visual association area?

A

deficits in interpretation of visual information e.g. prosopagnosia, the inability to recognize familiar faces or learn new faces

46
Q

What are the three ways in which cortical function can be assessed?

A

imaging, encephalography, brain stimulation

47
Q

What happens in a positron emission tomography (PET) scan?

A

radioactively labelled glucose injected into blood. person asked to undertake a task, blood flows directly into that brain region

48
Q

What is tested for during a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) test?

A

amount of blood oxygen a region of the brain is receiving

49
Q

What is an ECG used to measure?

A

electrical signals produced by the brain

50
Q

what is an MEG used to measure?

A

magnetic signals produced by the brain

51
Q

What is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) used to assess?

A

functional integrity of the neural circuits using electromagnetic induction to stimulate neurons

Y2 NEUROLOGY (10 decks)

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