Corruption

Question 1

Corruption

Answer 1

A broad set of abuses done by public officials for private gain, including GRAFT

Question 2

Graft

Answer 2

Abuse by a public official to give himself an unfair advantage

Question 3

Elements of Corruption

Answer 3

• Sectors - Occur in the private and public sector
• Abuse of Power - For corruption to occur there must be abuse of power done by an individual with an entrusted power
• Benefit - Benefit the perpetrators and actors of corruption

Question 4

Types of Corruption

Answer 4

Nepotism - appointment of relatives up to the 5th civil degree to government posts

Cronyism - appointment of friends or colleagues to government posts

Bribery - Provision of money or immaterial valuable to a person with authority to exercise his authority in a certain way

Extortion - Procuring a property through force or threat of violence

Money Laundering - Concealing illegally obtained money to make it seem legitimate

Embezzlement - Stealing or misappropriating of government funds held in trust

Question 5

Indirect causes of Corruption

Answer 5

Ineffective bureaucracy - the presence of corruption and nepotism, politically driven employment, and lack of clear guidelines on promotion emphasize this

Public sector wages - Less wages mean higher rates of corruption

Penalty system - Lighter penalties means higher rate of corruption

Institutional controls - If the institutions guarding against corruption are weak (e.g. auditing firm, anti corruption agencies and personnel) then corruption will be strong

Transparency of rules laws and procedures - Rules that are understandable, are rigid (no loopholes and clearly defined) and available publicly reduce corruption

Leadership examples - The examples set by leadership

Question 6

Scale of Corruption

Answer 6

Petty Corruption - Corruption done by low to mid level officials
Grand Corruption - Corruption done by high level officials

Question 7

Costs of Corruption

Answer 7

Political Costs - The freedom and rule of law at stake

Economic Costs - Opportunity to grow and build wealth diminished

Social Costs - Your participation and trust in the government

Environmental Costs - The environment and chance for a sustainable future

Question 8

Anti-Corruption Acts

Answer 8

Enforcement of Republic Act no. 3019

Transparency and Accountability

Publication of Statement of Accountabilities, Liabilities and Net Worth as per RA 3019, Sec 7