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xquxzquy > Corretal2018glossterms > Flashcards

Corretal2018glossterms Flashcards

1
Q

Death Cafe

A

both a social movement and a series of individual events or informal, pop-up gatherings in which people (mostly strangers) are invited to come together without a pre-set agenda for a discussion of death-related topics while sharing food and drink

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2
Q

Death education

A

teaching and learning about death-related subjects, such as dying and bereavement

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3
Q

Dimensions of education about death, dying, and bereavement

A

cognitive, affective, behavioral, and valuational

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4
Q

Formal education about death, dying, and bereavement

A

planned and organized instruction involving death-related topics

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5
Q

Informal education about death, dying, and bereavement

A

death-related education emerging from everyday experiences and exchanges

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6
Q

Teachable moments

A

unanticipated life events that offer important occasions for developing educational insights and lessons, as well as for personal growth

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7
Q

Average life expectancy (ALE)

A

an estimate of the average number of years members of a group of people are projected to live

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8
Q

Communicable diseases

A

diseases that can be transmitted or spread from person to person

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9
Q

Cure-oriented medicine

A

medical science and health care practice primarily designed to cure, reverse the course, or halt/slow the advance of diseases or other life-threatening conditions

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10
Q

Death rates

A

numbers of deaths among members of a given population group divided by the total number of those in the group; usually expressed as some number of deaths per 1,000 or 100,000 individuals

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11
Q

Degenerative diseases

A

diseases that usually result from long-term wearing out of body organs, typically associated with aging, lifestyle, and environment

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12
Q

Dying trajectories

A

patterns of dying or the ways in which dying plays out, typically distinguished by duration (the time between the onset of dying and the arrival of death) and shape (the course of the dying, its predictability, and whether death is expected or unexpected)

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13
Q

Encounters with death, dying, and bereavement

A

ways in which we confront or meet up with death-related events

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14
Q

Extended family

A

a large kinship group whose members often live near each other

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15
Q

Industrialization

A

the organization of the means of production, especially manufacturing, into industries; often involving mechanization versus hand labor

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16
Q

Living-dying interval

A

the period between the onset of dying and the arrival of death

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17
Q

Place of death

A

the physical place in which death occurs, for example, in a home or public institution

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18
Q

Preventive health care

A

medical and health care primarily designed to prevent or minimize the likelihood of acquiring disease or putting one’s life at risk

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19
Q

Public health measures

A

community actions to protect or improve the health of society’s members, for example, to provide safe drinking water and to dispose of sewage, garbage, and other contaminants

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20
Q

Ars moriendi

A

literally, the “art of dying,” a practice that focused on what one do to die well

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21
Q

Death anxiety

A

concerns or worries related in some way to death

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22
Q

Death-related attitude

A

a more or less settled way of being in the world, presenting oneself to the world, behaving or acting that reflects some belief, opinion, or feeling related to death

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23
Q

Forbidden death

A

a death-related attitude that views death as offensive and unacceptable, something to be denied and hidden from public view; a phrase from Ariès

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24
Q

Pornography of death

A

a death-related attitude much like forbidden death, implying that death is dirty and indecent, and yet somehow titillating and intriguing; a phrase from Gorer

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25
Q

Tame death

A

a death-related attitude that views death as familiar and simple, a public event mainly affecting the community; a phrase from Ariès

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26
Q

Terror management theory

A

a theory in social psychology arguing that the unique ability of humans to become aware of the inevitability of their deaths produces anxiety, denial, and terror; efforts to manage such terror are seen in individual behaviors and the symbolic cultural systems that seek to provide life with meaning and value.

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27
Q

Accidents

A

unintentional injuries

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28
Q

Death-related language

A

speech that employs language about death to describe or intensify talk about subjects that have nothing to do with death

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29
Q

Death-related practices

A

familiar routines, procedures, and actions that follow from or are related to death-related encounters and actions

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30
Q

Death system

A

the formal or informal structure that every society employs to mediate between death and its members; composed of specific components designed to perform particular functions

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31
Q

Ethnic cleansing

A

using force or threats to make an area ethnically homogeneous by removing from that area persons of another ethnic or religious group

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32
Q

Euphemism

A

language that substitutes a word or expression that is thought to be less distasteful or offensive for one more exactly descriptive of what is intended

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33
Q

Fantasized death

A

unrealistic portraits of death (in the media)

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34
Q

Genocide

A

the annihilation or attempted annihilation of an entire race of people

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35
Q

The Holocaust

A

a genocidal attempt by the Nazis during the late 1930s and early 1940s to completely destroy or annihilate the Jewish people

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36
Q

Homicide

A

the action of one human being that kills another human being (sometimes called “assault”)

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37
Q

Human-induced death

A

death resulting from the actions or inactions of human beings

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38
Q

Language about death

A

speech about topics like death, dying, and bereavement

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39
Q

Nuclear era

A

the period from July 1945 to the present during which the splitting of the atom unleashed a new form of power that can be used for weapons or as a source of energy

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40
Q

Socially sanctioned killing

A

societal actions intended to bring about killing and/ or death among their own members or among members of other societies, for example, war or genocide

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41
Q

Terrorism

A

violent acts or threats designed to intimidate or create fear on behalf of some religious, political, or ideological goal while deliberately targeting or disregarding the safety of noncombatant civilians

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42
Q

Thanotechnology

A

Technology-related resources about grief and loss, such as videos and computer programs

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43
Q

African Americans

A

Americans whose cultural origins trace back to the Black cultures of the African continent (especially West African nations)

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44
Q

American Indians (sometimes called Native Americans or “First Nations Peoples”:

A

Americans whose cultural origins trace back to the indigenous populations of North America (for statistical purposes, this group often includes Native Alaskans)

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45
Q

Asian Americans

A

Americans whose cultural origins trace back to the Asian continent

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46
Q

Cultural patterns

A

distinctive features arising from a unified set of values, ideas, beliefs, and standards of behavior shared by a group of people

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47
Q

Hispanic Americans

A

Americans whose cultural origins trace back to countries in which the dominant language is Spanish (e.g., Cuba, Mexico, and Puerto Rico, as well as Central and South American countries)

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48
Q

Pacific Island Americans

A

Americans whose cultural origins trace back to the Pacific Islands (e.g., Hawaii and Samoa)

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49
Q

Awareness contexts

A

social interactions among those who are coping with dying arising from the types of communication about the facts of the situation

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50
Q

Coping

A

changing efforts made to manage perceived stressors

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51
Q

Dying trajectories

A

patterns of dying or the ways in which dying plays out, typically distinguished by duration (the time between the onset of dying and the arrival of death) and shape (the course of the dying, its predictability, and whether death is expected or unexpected)

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52
Q

Five phases in living with a life-threatening illness

A

according to Doka, these are the prediagnostic, acute, chronic, recovery, and terminal phases

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53
Q

Hope

A

expectations that one looks forward to based on faith and trust; here, related to coping with dying

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54
Q

Stage-based model of coping with dying

A

Kübler-Ross named five “stages” (denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance) in how persons coping react to and attempt to manage their stressors

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55
Q

Task-based model of coping with dying

A

Corr identified four areas of task work in coping with dying – physical, psychological, social, and spiritual

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56
Q

Active listening

A

making oneself available to another without interference from one’ own concerns; being fully attentive to the needs and concerns of het other

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57
Q

Acute pain

A

distress in any dimension of an individual’s life that is characteristically time limited, although it may recur; may be mild, moderate, or intense

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58
Q

Addiction

A

a form of habitual dependence upon analgesics (e.g., narcotic drugs) characterized by psychological “highs” and a subsequent craving for steadily escalating doses

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59
Q

Burnout

A

an extreme form of compassion fatigue when helpers become physically, emotionally, and mentally exhausted, especially because of long-term involvement with emotionally taxing situations coupled with a sense of powerlessness and an inability to achieve their goals as providers of care

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60
Q

Chronic pain

A

distress in any dimension of an individual’s life that is characteristically ongoing and not time limited; may be mild, moderate, or intense

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61
Q

Compassion

A

“feeling with” another person, involving presence, active listening, and empathy; to be contrasted with “pity” that always implies a “looking down upon”

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62
Q

Compassion fatigue

A

a condition in which helpers feel emotionally drained as a result of intense or long-term involvement in emotionally demanding situations

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63
Q

Dependence

A

reliance upon drugs or other supports that does not necessarily imply the features of addiction; requires that the drug or other support can be terminated or withdrawn in a phased fashion (not “cold turkey”) to avoid undesirable side effects

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64
Q

Detached concern or detached compassion

A

a way of entering into the situation of the person being helped that enables the helper to continue to function effectively in the helping role

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65
Q

Effective communication

A

interactions whose specific acts are responsive to the needs of the other and are carried out in a thoughtful and caring way; both the content of the exchange and the ways in which it is expressed and understood are important

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66
Q

Empathetic presence

A

making oneself available to a person in distress; characterized by active listening, empathy, and compassion

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67
Q

Four dimensions of care for individuals who are coping with dying

A

(1) Physical dimensions - designed to address bodily pain or other sources of corporeal distress, (2) Psychological dimensions - designed to address emotional or cognitive distress, (3) Social dimensions - designed to address interpersonal tensions or difficulties as well as interactions with social groups or organizations, (4) Spiritual dimensions - designed to assist individuals in their search for meaning, for establishing, reestablishing, and maintaining connectedness with oneself, other persons and what the person perceives as the transcendent

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68
Q

Hope

A

expectations that one looks forward to based on faith and trust; may involve different prospects

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69
Q

Nearing death awareness

A

communications from a dying person that reflect either (1) special awareness of the imminence of death and efforts to describe what dying is like as it is being experienced by the individual or (2) expressions of final requests about what is needed before the individual can experience a peaceful death

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70
Q

Stress

A

hardship or adversity that imposes pressure or strain; here associated with death-related issues

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71
Q

Trauma stewardship

A

caring for others and responding to their suffering in a thoughtful, intentional way by developing a quality of compassionate presence

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72
Q

Acute care

A

cure-oriented services that diagnose and treat specific diseases with the goal of returning an individual to full health or at least to halting or slowing the progression of the disease

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73
Q

Chronic care

A

services for persons who need rehabilitation or who cannot perform activities of daily living

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74
Q

End-of-life care

A

services for persons who are nearing death and for their family members

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75
Q

Home care

A

nursing and other ancillary services delivered to individuals in their places of residence

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76
Q

Home health care programs

A

organizations that deliver home care services

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77
Q

Hospice care

A

services designed to implement the hospice philosophy; a form of palliative care offered near the end of life

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78
Q

Hospice philosophy

A

an outlook, attitude, or approach to care that affirms life and attempts to maximize present quality in living for patient and family units who are coping with dying

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79
Q

Hospice programs

A

organizations that deliver hospice services by offering holistic care to dying persons and their family members using an interdisciplinary team

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80
Q

Hospitals

A

organizations delivering acute care services; often called “medical centers” or “health centers”

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81
Q

Interdisciplinary team

A

an organized group of professional caregivers and volunteers working together to plan and implement care; typically involves a certain amount of “role blurring”; contrasted with multidisciplinary teamwork in which members of specialized health care professions work largely independently with loose coordination

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82
Q

Long-term care facilities (nursing homes)

A

institutions that deliver chronic care services; may be residential care, intermediate care, or skilled nursing care facilities

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83
Q

Palliative care

A

services designed to relieve distressing symptoms of a disease without curing their underlying causes

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84
Q

Pediatric palliative and hospice care

A

both a philosophy and an organized method for delivering competent, compassionate, and consistent care to children with chronic, complex, and/or life-threatening conditions as well as their families

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85
Q

Anticipatory grief and mourning

A

experiences of grief and mourning occurring prior to but in connection with a significant loss that is expected to take place

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86
Q

Assumptive world

A

a conceptual system that provides individuals with expectations about the world and themselves to guide planning and acting

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87
Q

Attachments

A

relationships through which individuals satisfy fundamental needs

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88
Q

Bereavement

A

the objective situation of individuals who have experienced a loss of some person or object they valued; three key elements - a relationship or attachment with some person/object that is valued, the loss of that relationship, and an individual deprived of the valued person/object by the loss

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89
Q

Complicated grief reactions or complicated mourning

A

grief reactions or mourning processes that are abnormal in the sense of being deviant and unhealthy, thereby overwhelming bereaved persons, leading to maladaptive behavior, and inhibiting progress toward satisfactory outcomes in mourning;

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90
Q

Continuing bonds

A

ongoing connections with a representation of the deceased that can enable the deceased individual to remain a transformed but constant presence in the inner lives of the bereaved

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91
Q

Enriched remembrance

A

Cantor’s phrase for mourning efforts to restructure the relationship with the lost person/object so as to carry its positive legacies forward into the bereaved individual’s new life

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92
Q

Families or family systems

A

typically, a key context that influences their members’ experiences of loss, grief, and mourning, may take many forms

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93
Q

Five critical variables influence experiences of bereavement and grief

A

(1) the nature of the prior attachment; (2) the way in which the loss occurred and the concurrent circumstances of the bereaved person; (3) coping strategies used by the bereaved person; (4) the developmental situation of the bereaved person; (5) the nature of the support available to the bereaved person

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94
Q

Grief

A

the term that indicates one’s reactions to loss; may include physical, psychological (emotional, cognitive), behavioral, social, or spiritual reactions

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95
Q

Grief work

A

processes of coping with loss and grief; similar to mourning as that term is used in this book

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96
Q

Grieving

A

a term used by some to designate the internal or intrapsychic aspects of what we identify in this book as mourning; we prefer to think of grieving as “processes of experiencing and expressing grief”

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97
Q

Guilt

A

thoughts and feelings that assign blame (often self-blame), fault, or culpability for a loss or death

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98
Q

Intuitive versus instrumental grieving

A

terms used to contrast two extremes in a spectrum of adaptive grieving styles; intuitive grievers emphasize experiencing and expressing emotion, instrumental grieves focus on practical matters and problem solving

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99
Q

Loss

A

to be separated from and deprived of a valued person, object, or status by death or in other ways; primary losses involve the ending of a basic attachment; secondary losses follow from a primary loss

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100
Q

Meaning reconstruction

A

efforts to make sense of loss by finding or creating new meaning in the death of the loved one and in the new life of the bereaved person

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101
Q

Melancholia

A

Freud’s term for clinical depression

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102
Q

Mourning

A

responses to loss and grief involving efforts to cope with those experiences and learn to live with them by incorporating them into ongoing living; some writers confine mourning to external or social expressions of grief and rituals used in coping with bereavement

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103
Q

Outcomes of mourning

A

many laypeople and theoreticians speak of fixed end points like recovery, completion, or resolution; we prefer to think of mourning as an open-ended set of processes that offer opportunities for growth and transformation

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104
Q

Phases in mourning

A

describes mourning as a series of phases, for example, shock and numbness; yearning and searching; disorganization and despair; reorganization

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105
Q

Processes in mourning

A

describes mourning as involving processes; for example, the dual process model, adaptive grieving styles, and meaning reconstruction

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106
Q

Realization

A

Parkes’s term to describe what is involved in “making real” all of the implications of loss; “making real” in one’s inner, subjective world that which is already real in the outer, objective world

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107
Q

Stages in mourning

A

describes mourning as a series of stages, for example, denial, anger, bargaining depression, and acceptance

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108
Q

Survivors (of bereavement)

A

individuals who have found their way to healthy living after a death

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109
Q

Tasks in mourning

A

describes mourning as involving a series of tasks, such as to accept the reality of the loss; to process the pain of grief; to adjust to a world without the deceased; to find an enduring connection with the deceased in the midst of embarking on a new life

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110
Q

Traumatic losses

A

shocking losses whose objective elements shatter assumptive worlds

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111
Q

Uncomplicated grief reactions

A

healthy, normal, and appropriate reactions to loss

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112
Q

Victims (of bereavement or trauma)

A

individuals who have been hurt, harmed, “reaved” by loss

113
Q

Disenfranchised grief

A

grief or mourning that persons experience when they incur a loss that is not or cannot be openly acknowledged, publicly mourned, or socially supported

114
Q

Disenfranchisement

A

may apply to relationships, losses, grievers, grieving styles, or mourning processes

115
Q

Five fundamental needs of bereaved persons

A

social support, nutrition, hydration, exercise, and rest

116
Q

Grief counseling

A

helping bereaved persons who are coping with uncomplicated grief and mourning

117
Q

Grief therapy

A

helping bereaved persons who are coping with complicated grief reactions

118
Q

Helping bereaved persons with Affective tasks

A

assisting with efforts to express emotions and feelings associated with a loss or death in a constructive way

119
Q

Helping bereaved persons with Behavioral tasks

A

assisting with efforts to mark or take notice of a death through some external event or deed, as well as with commemorative activities designed to celebrate and remember the life of the deceased or the legacies of that life

120
Q

Helping bereaved persons with Cognitive tasks

A

assisting with efforts to obtain information about the loss or death

121
Q

Helping bereaved persons with Valuational tasks

A

assisting with efforts to find meaning or to make sense of the loss

122
Q

Pet loss

A

death, loss, or ending of a relationship with a pet or companion animal

123
Q

Unhelpful messages to bereaved persons

A

typically, these involve attempts to minimize the loss, admonitions not to feel or express strong grief reactions in public, and suggestions to get back to living promptly and not disturb others with one’s grief and mourning

124
Q

Aftercare programs

A

informal and formal programs of support for the bereaved, usually offered by funeral service personnel after the funeral and disposition are completed; may include providing death education to the community

125
Q

Bereavement support groups

A

organized efforts to help bereaved persons by combining elements of self-help and mutual aid

126
Q

Burial (in-ground burial)

A

disposition of the body (or of its “cremains”) by placing it in a casket and then in the ground, usually in a cemetery and often within a vault or grave liner designed to protect the casket and prevent settling of land

127
Q

Cremains

A

cremated remains, that is, ash and bone resulting from cremating a body

128
Q

Cremation

A

a process of reducing the size of the body typically by subjecting it to intense heat, resulting in ashes and some bone fragments (which may then be ground up or pulverized)

129
Q

Disposition of the body

A

removing the body of the deceased from the society of the living

130
Q

Embalming

A

removal of blood and bodily fluids from a corpse, together with their replacement with artificial preservatives intended to retard decomposition and color the skin

131
Q

Entombment

A

disposition of the body or its remains by placing them in a mausoleum, crypt, or other aboveground, tomblike structure

132
Q

Flameless cremation

A

the use of chemicals and heat to dissolve soft tissues of the body

133
Q

Funerals or funeral practices

A

formal services to mark a death and celebrate a life with the body present in a casket

134
Q

Green or natural burial

A

interment of the body of a dead person in the soil in a manner that does not inhibit decomposition but allows the body to recycle naturally

135
Q

Hospice bereavement follow-up programs

A

services offered to family members before and after the death of a hospice patient or to community members experiencing loss

136
Q

Making real the implications of death

A

helping the bereaved to grasp the import of the death; often implemented through formal activities of separation from the deceased

137
Q

Memorial activities

A

activities intended to commemorate the life or legacy of someone who has died

138
Q

Memorial services

A

formal services to mark a death and celebrate a life without the presence of a body

139
Q

Online grief support groups

A

online groups to help bereaved persons seeking support in place of or in addition to offline support

140
Q

Reintegration

A

pulling (back) together the bereaved individuals, family, or society disintegrated by a death

141
Q

Ritual

A

corporate or communal symbolic activity, usually involving external (bodily) actions and social participation; designed to contribute order or orientation when crises disrupt life

142
Q

Support groups for the bereaved

A

these take many forms, ranging from groups that emphasize assistance with practical problems or whose concerns are primarily social to groups that seek to help individuals cope with loss and grief through mutual aid and self-help

143
Q

Animism

A

a view that attributes life and consciousness to objects usually thought of as inanimate

144
Q

Artificialism

A

a view in which it is believed that all objects and events in the world have been manufactured to serve people

145
Q

Causality

A

understanding events or conditions that do or can bring about the death of a living thing

146
Q

Developmental eras in childhood

A

infancy, toddlerhood, early childhood (also called the play age or preschool period), and middle childhood (also called the school age or latency period)

147
Q

Irreversibility

A

once a thing is dead, it cannot become alive again (barring miracles)

148
Q

Magical thinking

A

a view in which all events are explained by the causal influence of various commands, intentions, and forces

149
Q

Noncorporeal continuation

A

a view that some life form continues after the death of the physical body

150
Q

Nonfunctionality

A

a dead body can no longer act in ways like a live body

151
Q

Normative developmental tasks in childhood

A

to develop trust versus mistrust in infancy, autonomy versus shame and doubt in toddlerhood, initiative versus guilt in early childhood, and industry versus inferiority in middle childhood

152
Q

Pediatric palliative and hospice care

A

the application of palliative and hospice principles to situations involving children and their family members

153
Q

Adolescence

A

the era in human development occurring between childhood and adulthood; often characterized by the developmental task of achieving individuation and the establishment of a more or less stable sense of personal identity; not necessarily coextensive with the teenage years

154
Q

Developmental eras in adolescence

A

early, middle, and late adolescence

155
Q

Early adolescence

A

a period dominated by the goal of achieving emotional separation from parents and the conflict of separation versus reunion

156
Q

Homicide among adolescents

A

currently the second leading cause of death (following accidents) in the United States among persons 15-24 years of age; especially notable as a cause of death among nonwhite males who are middle and late adolescents

157
Q

Late adolescence

A

a period dominated by the goal of achieving intimacy and commitment and the conflict of closeness versus distance

158
Q

Leading influences on adolescent understandings of death

A

ambiguities or tensions arising from biological, cognitive, social, and emotional factors, together with the digital era

159
Q

Middle adolescence

A

a period dominated by the goal of achieving competency, mastery, or control and the conflict of independence versus dependence

160
Q

Normative developmental tasks in adolescence

A

conceptualized by Erikson as involving a tension between “identity» vs. “role confusion”; successful resolution of this polarity leads to the virtue of “fidelity”

161
Q

Postvention

A

after-the-fact interventions for individuals affected by traumatic loss

162
Q

Suicide among adolescents

A

currently the third leading cause of death in the United States among persons 15-24 years of age; especially notable as a cause of death among white males who are middle and late adolescents

163
Q

Developmental eras in adulthood

A

young adulthood and middle adulthood

164
Q

Fetal death

A

death resulting from miscarriage, stillbirth, or spontaneous abortion

165
Q

Generativity

A

maintaining productivity in one’s life and projects; typically involves reassessing or reevaluating the meaning and direction of one’s life, conserving or considering prospects for the continuation or enduring value in one’s legacies, and preparatory efforts to put one’s affairs in order

166
Q

Intimacy

A

the ability to be open, supportive, and close with another person, without fear of losing oneself in the process

167
Q

Midlife transition

A

the transition from young to middle adulthood

168
Q

Normative developmental tasks in adulthood

A

to achieve intimacy (vs. the danger of isolation) in young adulthood; to pursue generativity (vs. the danger of stagnation or self-absorption) in middle adulthood

169
Q

Sandwich generation

A

adults who experience pressures from both older and younger generations

170
Q

Adult child

A

an individual who is an adult, but also the living child of an older parent

171
Q

Ageism

A

Butler’s term for systematic stereotyping and discrimination against people because they are old

172
Q

Bereavement overload

A

Kastenbaum’s phrase for a situation in which individuals (especially older adults) do not have the time or other resources needed to process their grief and mourn one significant loss effectively before another occurs

173
Q

Developmental eras in older adulthood

A

(1) the “young old” (those 65-74 years of age), (2) the “old old” (those 75-84 years of age), and (3) the “oldest old” or “very old” (those 85 years of age and older), although in fact these are chronological rather than developmental distinctions

174
Q

Developmental tasks in older adulthood

A

Erikson’s theory involves a tension between “egointegrity” versus “despair”; successfully resolving this polarity leads to the virtues of “renunciation and wisdom”

175
Q

Ego integrity

A

Erikson’s term to describe the attainment of an inner sense of whole ness; also described as “self-actualization” or “reconciliation”

176
Q

Forgotten grievers

A

a term sometimes applied to grandparents who experience a double loss over the death of a grandchild and over the losses experienced by that child’s parents) (their son or daughter)

177
Q

Graying of America

A

a term pointing to the growing share of older adults in the population

178
Q

Life review

A

a process of introspection, heightened interiority, self-reflection, and reminiscence, designed to resolve old conflicts and develop a new sense of meaning as means to achieve integrity, account to oneself for one’s past life, and prepare for death (Butler)

179
Q

Maturity

A

the term that Erikson substituted for “senescence” to designate the concluding period in the human life course; now more commonly replaced by “older adulthood” or “late adulthood”

180
Q

Normative developmental task of older adulthood

A

the achievement of ego integrity (versus despair or disgust; according to Erikson); self-actualization (Maslow); reconciliation (Birren)

181
Q

Older adulthood

A

an era in the human life course that follows “middle adulthood” or “middle age”; sometimes called “late adulthood”; includes those who are 65 years of age or older; encompasses distinctions within this era between the “young old,” the “old old,” and the “very old”

182
Q

Senescence

A

Erikson’s initial term for the last era in the human life course; replaced by the term maturity

183
Q

Suicide among older adults

A

older adults in the United States have recently had the highest rates of suicide among all developmental groups; often involves deliberate behavior plus depression

184
Q

Advance directives

A

instructions from an individual about actions that the individual would or would not want to be taken if he or she were somehow incapacitated and unable to join in making decisions

185
Q

Artificial means

A

interventions or supports used or sustain life or bodily functioning

186
Q

Case law

A

legal precedents arising from court decisions

187
Q

Common law

A

shared values and views drawn from English and early American legal and social history; now, typically represented by definitions contained in standard legal dictionaries

188
Q

Conditions of Participation

A

federal regulations under which hospitals that receive Medicare or Medicaid funding must cooperate in specified ways to facilitate organ donation

189
Q

Coroner

A

originally, the representative of the crown in England; currently in the United States, an elected official authorized to investigate the deaths of individuals in specific circumstances

190
Q

Death certificate

A

a legal document recording time and cause of death, and other significant information

191
Q

Definition of death

A

a statement of the conditions under which an individual is understood to be dead

192
Q

Determination of death

A

the process (or its result) by which competent authorities employ tests or criteria to decide whether death has actually occurred

193
Q

Donation after brain death

A

applies to individuals who have experienced brain death and who then become organ and/or tissue donors; authorized by next-of-kin or their own expressed wishes

194
Q

Donation after cardiac death

A

applies to individuals who have not experienced brain death, but who become organ and/or tissue donors after next-of-kin authorize removal of life-sustaining interventions and permit donation; formerly called “non-heart-beating donors”

195
Q

Donor rights legislation

A

laws establishing registries allowing individuals 18 years of age or older to give “first-person consent,” i.e., a legally binding authorization for organ and/or tissue donation

196
Q

Durable powers of attorney in health care matters

A

advance directives through which an individual can authorize another individual to make decisions and take actions on his or her behalf under specific circumstances; both the directive and the individual appointed to act are sometimes called a “health care proxy”

197
Q

Estate taxes

A

taxes levied on the assets of a person who has died

198
Q

First-person consent

A

legislation allowing individuals 18 years of age or older to make a legally binding decision to authorize organ and tissue donation in the event of death

199
Q

“Five Wishes”

A

a type of advance directive that is intended to be easy to understand simple to use, personal in character, and thorough

200
Q

Harvard criteria

A

tests developed to determine the existence of irreversible coma

201
Q

Health care proxy

A

see Durable powers of attorney in health care matters

202
Q

Inheritance taxes

A

taxes levied by a government on the assets a beneficiary inherits from the estate of someone who has died

203
Q

Intestate

A

the condition of an individual who dies without leaving a valid will or other legally qualified statement concerning the distribution of his or her estate or property

204
Q

Living donor

A

a living individual who donates blood, one of a pair of twinned organs, a portion of certain organs, or certain bodily tissues for transplantation, research, or educational purposes

205
Q

Living wills

A

advance directives intended to refuse certain cure-oriented interventions (“artificial means” or “heroic measures”) not desired by an individual, ask that dying be permitted to take its natural course, and request that associated suffering be mitigated with effective palliative care

206
Q

Medical examiner

A

a qualified medical doctor (usually a forensic pathologist) appointed to replace a coroner, especially in large, urban centers

207
Q

NASH system

A

a fourfold classification system for identifying manner of death (natural, accidental, suicide, or homicide)

208
Q

Natural death legislation

A

authorizes living wills or durable powers of attorney in health care matters

209
Q

Non-heart beating donors

A

donors who have experienced cardiac death

210
Q

Nonliving or deceased donors

A

individuals who have experienced brain death or cardiac death prior to donation and the subsequent recovery of one or more of their organs or tissues for transplantation, research, or educational purposes

211
Q

NOTA

A

the National Organ Transplant Act, enacted by Congress in 1984 to regulate the procurement and transplantation of human organs

212
Q

OPO

A

an organ procurement organization; an authorized local or regional agency that offers the opportunity of organ donation and recovers donated organs

213
Q

OPT

A

the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network, established by NOTA to facilitate procurement and distribution of scarce human organs in a fair and equitable way by matching donated organs with potential transplant recipients

214
Q

Organ, tissue, or body donation

A

making a gift of a human organ, tissue, or body for medical, research, or educational purposes

215
Q

Probate

A

the legal system of administering and executing distribution of personal property and real estate after a death; proving or verifying the legitimacy of a will (where such exists) or carrying out estate law

216
Q

Right to privacy

A

affirmed by the U.S. Supreme Court as an individual’s right to be left alone

217
Q

Substitute or surrogate decision maker

A

an individual authorized to act by a durable power of attorney in health care matters

218
Q

Transplantable human organs

A

kidneys, hearts, livers, pancreas, intestines, and lungs in whole or part

219
Q

Transplantable human tissues

A

skin, heart valves, leg veins, eye and eye components, bone, tendons, and ligaments

220
Q

Trusts

A

legal arrangements to preserve one’s assets from probate by transferring their ownership to a trustee with instructions for their management and distribution to a beneficiary; “living trusts” serve the interests of those who establish them; “testamentary trusts” control distribution of assets at death

221
Q

UAGA

A

the Uniform Anatomical Gift Act, enacted by Congress in 1968 to establish criteria under which human organs can be donated; amended in 1987

222
Q

UNOS

A

the United Network for Organ Sharing, a private corporation that administers the OPTN under contract to the Division of Transplantation in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

223
Q

Will

A

a formal statement of one’s wishes concerning the distribution of one’s property after death

224
Q

Xenotransplantation

A

transplantation across species, that is, from animals to humans, as in the transplantation of heart values obtained from pigs

225
Q

Altruistic suicide

A

suicide undertaken on behalf of one’s social group; a sociological category in which suicide arises from an overinvolvement or overintegration of an individual into his or her society

226
Q

Anomic suicide

A

suicide undertaken when society is unable or unwilling to help its members in regulating their desires; a sociological category in which suicide arises from social underregulation or sudden withdrawal of social control

227
Q

Cessation

A

the idea of resolving the unbearable pain of disturbance and isolation by simply ending it or being out of it

228
Q

Completed suicide

A

professionals prefer this language to “committed suicide”

229
Q

Constriction

A

a narrowing of the range of perceptions, opinions, and options that occur to a suicidal person’s mind; seen in tunnel vision and either/or thinking

230
Q

Egoistic suicide

A

suicide undertaken when society fails to help individuals find meaning in their lives so that they (often suddenly) find themselves alone or isolated; a sociological category in which suicide arises from underinvolvement or underintegration of an individual from his or her society

231
Q

Either/or thinking

A

constricted thought processes in which one can only envision continuing in a painful condition or escaping that condition by ending one’s life

232
Q

Fatalistic suicide

A

suicide undertaken when an individual seeks to escape from an overcontrolling social context; a sociological category in which suicide arises from excessive regulation of individuals by society

233
Q

Haplessness

A

describes persistently ill-fated or unlucky behavior

234
Q

Helplessness

A

inability to assist or take care of oneself

235
Q

Hopelessness

A

a condition in which one has no positive expectations for his or her

236
Q

Inimicality

A

an unsettled life pattern in which one acts against one’s own best interests

237
Q

Life-threatening behavior

A

actions that put one’s life at risk, whether or not they actually end it; a more general phrase than “suicidal behavior”

238
Q

Perturbation

A

heightened psychological disturbance in a person’s life

239
Q

Rational suicide

A

the ending of one’s life as a result of motives that are thought to be lucid, rational, and morally appropriate

240
Q

Suicide

A

the deliberate or intentional ending of one’s own life; sometimes called intentional self-harm

241
Q

Suicide intervention

A

efforts made to reduce the likelihood of completed suicides or at least to minimize suicidal behavior; “intervention” is preferred to “prevention” since the latter is not always possible

242
Q

Suicidology and suicidologists

A

the scientific study of suicide and suicidal behavior; individuals who study suicidal behavior, intervene to minimize such behavior, or treat its aftereffects

243
Q

Survivors of suicide

A

in this context, a phrase referring to individuals who experience the aftereffects of the suicide of another; not ordinarily used to refer to individuals who attempt to end their lives but do not succeed in their attempts

244
Q

Tunnel vision

A

a condition of constricted thinking in which one can only envision few or limited options; a narrowing of one’s range of perceptions, opinions, and options

245
Q

Active euthanasia

A

taking direct action to end suffering by ending the life of a suffering person

246
Q

Aid in dying

A

actions in which an individual who has already been determined to be dying and to have only a limited time to live obtains from a physician a prescription for lethal medications and uses those medications to end his or her life

247
Q

Assisted suicide

A

actions in which one person intentionally acts to end his or her life and secures assistance from another individual who intends to help the first person achieve that result

248
Q

The Dutch Termination of Life on Request and Assisted Suicide (Review Procedures) Act

A

legislation that exempts from criminal liability physicians who terminate life on request or assist in a patient’s suicide in accordance with the due care and notification criteria set forth in the law

249
Q

Euthanasia

A

literally, “a good death”; now mainly refers to situations in which one individual contributes to the death of another person in order to end the suffering of that second person

250
Q

Extraordinary means of treatment

A

interventions to sustain life that do not have predictable and well-recognized outcomes; offer unusual risks, suffering, or burdens for the person being treated or for others; and may not be effective

251
Q

Nonvoluntary euthanasia

A

euthanasia performed when the wishes of the person who dies are unknown

252
Q

Ordinary means of treatment

A

interventions to support life that have predictable and well-recognized outcomes; offer no unusual risk, suffering, or burden for the person being treated or for others; and are effective

253
Q

Oregon “Death with Dignity Act”

A

legislation specifying the conditions under which a terminally ill, adult resident of Oregon is permitted to request that a physician provide a prescription for lethal medication that the individual can use to end his or her life

254
Q

Passive euthanasia

A

allowing someone to die by either not doing (withholding) or omitting (withdrawing) some action that is necessary to sustain life

255
Q

Physician-assisted suicide

A

a form of assisted suicide in which it is a physician who intentionally provides the assistance that a person needs and uses to end his or her life

256
Q

Voluntary euthanasia

A

euthanasia performed at the request of the person who dies

257
Q

Atman

A

the unborn, undying self (in Hindu writings)

258
Q

Cryonics

A

a practice in which one’s body (or sometimes just the head) is frozen at the time of death and held in that state until a time comes when, it is hoped, it could be thawed and the cause of death cured by future generations

259
Q

Hades

A

the kingdom of the dead in Homer’s Odyssey; the place where one goes after death according to some ancient Greek thought; a dreary place

260
Q

Heaven and hell

A

places of reward or punishment, respectively, after death, according to some Western religions

261
Q

Immortality of the soul

A

a view originating in ancient Greek thought according to which an essential element in living beings cannot die

262
Q

Living-dead

A

a view found in some African thought according to which the human community consists of both the living and the living-dead or those individuals who are no longer living here, but are living in some different part of the world

263
Q

Near-death experiences (NDEs)

A

phenomena reported by individuals who have experiences they and/or others claim demonstrate the existence of an afterlife

264
Q

Nepesh

A

a Hebrew word for “soul,” implying an inextricable involvement with a body, such that when the body dies, the nepesh also ceases to exist

265
Q

Nirvana

A

a goal in Buddhism; a serene and peaceful state, beyond desire and suffering (which lead to rebirth)

266
Q

Reincarnation

A

literally, to be reborn or reinserted in a body; an ancient concept found both in Greek thought and Hindu writings; allied notions include transmigration of souls and metempsychosis, which imply movement of souls from body to body

267
Q

Resurrection of the body

A

“raising up” by God of a human being as a “living body”

268
Q

Symbolic immortality

A

Lifton’s term for efforts made to transcend or circumvent death through biological, social, natural, or theological accounts of continuity

269
Q

Alzheimer’s discase (AD)

A

a chronic and progressive brain disorder primarily affecting memory, thinking, behavior, and the ability to perform everyday activities; it leads inexorably to death

270
Q

Alzheimer’s disease and related disorders (ADRD)

A

a group of dementing diseases similar to and sometimes confused with Alzheimer’s disease

271
Q

Beta-amyloid plaques

A

an extracellular protein buildup found in the brains of persons with AD

272
Q

Dementia

A

an incurable condition produced by several neurodegenerative diseases involving irreversible cognitive impairment and eventual death

273
Q

Frontotemporal dementia

A

a clinical syndrome comprising multiple disorders characterized by loss of tissue in the frontal and temporal lobes of the cortex

274
Q

Lewy Body dementia

A

a disease in which deposits of the protein alpha-synuclein form inside neurons

275
Q

Mixed dementia

A

the co-morbid presence of both Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia

276
Q

Tangles

A

twisted strands of the protein tau in the brains of persons with AD

277
Q

Tau

A

the major component of neurofibrillary tangles associated with neuronal degeneration

278
Q

Vascular dementia (multi-infarct dementia or vascular cognitive impairment)

A

a dementia caused by decreased blood flow to the brain due to a stroke or a series of “mini strokes” (infarcts)

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