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Criminal Justice Systems > Corrections in Canada > Flashcards

Corrections in Canada Flashcards

1
Q

What is probation?

A

A judge imposed community sentence in which an offender is supervised by a Probation Officer (PO) & must comply with the conditions of their Probation Order or risk being breached (returned to court)

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2
Q

What do probation orders allow?

A

-Remain in school
-Maintain their employment
-Care for their families

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3
Q

What are the 3 standard conditions of probationers in Canada?

A

-Keeping the peace & being of good behavior (which may include a ban on communicating with witnesses, co-accused, or victims)
-Reporting to the court when required
-Notifying the court or probation officer of any significant changes, such as getting a new job or residence

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4
Q

What do case plans for probee’s do?

A

-Identify client’s risks, needs, & responsivity factors
-Outline conditions/terms of probation order set by court
-Identify long-term & short-term goals
-Set behavioral boundaries to keep community safe
-Road map for successful reintegration into community
-Reviewed and updated every 6 months

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5
Q

What is a breach of probation?

A

When the person on probation is not following their probation order

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6
Q

What is risk principle?

A

Match level/intensity of treatment services to risk to re-offend

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7
Q

What is need principle?

A

Target only criminogenic needs

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8
Q

What is responsitivity principle?

A

Match treatment style to offender’s learning style, strengths & limitations

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9
Q

What is professional discretion?

A

The ability to exercise discretion in the process of integrating risk-needs information into the case management practices

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10
Q

What are criminogenic factors?

A

Factors in a [justice-involved individual’s] life that are directly related to recidivism. (eg, substance abuse, education, employment, family situation)

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11
Q

What are non-criminogenic factors?

A

Needs that show little relationship to criminal behavior (eg, self-esteem, etc)

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12
Q

What is “revolving door corrections”?

A

The constant flow of inmates in and out of facilities

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13
Q

What is direct supervision?

A

A method of inmate supervision where officers directly interact with inmates

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14
Q

What is dynamic security?

A

The regular interaction between prisoners & correctional officers

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15
Q

What is offender classification?

A

Assessment of an inmate’s risk by the correctional staff members in order to place the inmate in a facility (&/or living unit) that best matches the risks they pose

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16
Q

What are 3 forms of inmate advocacy?

A

-Correctional Investigator of Canada
-Videotaping planned uses of force
-CCTV cameras

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17
Q

What are some of the roles of correctional officers?

A

Conduct regular cell searches, initiate inmate searches, carry out perimeter patrols, record inmate movements, confront inmate misbehavior, conduct counts of prisoners, gather information, & screen incoming mail

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18
Q

What are 5 factors that affect the number of assaults in correctional facilities?

A

-Levels of staff experience & education
-Overcrowding
-Lack of constructive leisure-time activities
-Under-staffing
-Staff & inmate sub-cultures (eg: FSCC)

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19
Q

What does YCJA stand for?

A

Youth Criminal Justice Act

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20
Q

What are the 4 YCJA prinicples?

A

-The protection of the public
-The use of separate justice system for youth that is based on diminished blameworthiness
-The use of fair & proportionate sanctions
-The acknowledgement of due process protections for youth

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21
Q

When are youth aged 14+ tried as adults if a judge thinks its necessary?

A

If they are involved in homicide, attempted murder, or aggravated sexual assault.

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22
Q

What are extrajudicial measures?

A

Taking no further action and returning the youth to a responsible adult, to issuing a caution or warning, to having the youth participate in a program.

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23
Q

What are extrajudicial sanctions?

A

Something teenagers must do to make up for their crimes without going through a traditional court process (eg, Apology to victim, counselling, etc)

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24
Q

What are community-based sanctions?

A

Youth are permitted to live in the community but must abide by conditions (eg: keeping the peace & reporting to youth court or probation office)

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25
Q

What is open custody?

A

Open custody facilities are often small, limited-security homes (group homes) located in residential communities

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26
Q

What is secure custody?

A

High level of security intended to prevent escapes & provide a safe environment for residents who present a greater risk to public safety

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27
Q

How long must someone be sentenced to be in federal prison?

A

2 years plus a day

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28
Q

What was Canada’s first penitentiary?

A

Kingston Penitentiary

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29
Q

What did the Royal Commission in the 1930’s recommend?

A

Inmates receive better access to education, recreation, & materials for hygiene, separating persons with mental illness, incarceration close to family, and reduce the use of corporal punishment

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30
Q

What did the Corrections and Conditional Release Act specify?

A

It specified the minimum conditions of confinement for federal offenders & their pathways to community release

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31
Q

What goals did the Archambault Commission create for prison systems?

A

-The protection of society
-The safe custody of inmates
-Strict but humane discipline
-Reformation & rehabilitation of prisoners

32
Q

What are the 8 special needs populations in prisons?

A

-Indigenous offenders
-Mothers & pregnant inmates
-Radicalized inmates
-Aging prisoners
-Prisoners with mental health issues
-Prisoners suffering from FASD
-Security Threat Groups (Gang members)
-Women offenders

33
Q

What is a way the CSC shows effort to be more responsive to Indigenous offenders?

A

Healing Lodges

34
Q

What is the Institutional Mother-Child Program (MCP)?

A

Enables children to stay with their mothers in a minimum institution until they are five years-old, & on a part-time basis afterwards

35
Q

What causes inmates to become radicalized?

A

Inmates are often discouraged, depressed, & isolated from positive influences in their lives, which makes them easily influenced & vulnerable to extremist ideas

36
Q

What are the challenges with aging prisoners?

A

Older inmates pose some challenges for prison systems, as they have greater health care needs due to chronic health conditions & the need for end-of-life care

37
Q

What is a risk with prisoners with mental health issues?

A

More likely to be involved to higher rates of assaults (as victims as well as perpetrators), use of force incidents, as well as self-harming & suicidal behaviors

38
Q

What is FASD?

A

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder - lifelong disability (brain damage & developmental delays) caused by in-utero exposure to alcohol

39
Q

What are 4 things gangs do in prison?

A

-Violence
-Perpetuate the underground prison economy (eg: the sale of drugs & other contraband)
-Undermine rehabilitative programming
-Contribute to recidivism once these gang-involved inmates return to the community

40
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of Creating Choices?

A

-empowerment
-meaningful & responsible choices
-respect & dignity
-supportive environment
-shared responsibility

41
Q

What 3 things were correctional treatments based on historically?

A

-Educational programs
-Drug & alcohol treatment
-Employment & vocational training

42
Q

What 5 industries are inmates emplyed in with the goal of them creating skills they can use one released?

A

(1) manufacturing; (2) textiles; (3) construction; (4) production services; & (5) agriculture

43
Q

What are the 5 concerns for federal prisoners?

A

-Staff performance, such as inappropriate use of force or staff misconduct
-Correspondence & access to telephone communications
-Amenities, food, & diet
-Personal effects, such as lost items
-Non-urgent health services, such as arranging an appointment with a specialist

44
Q

Who introduced the idea of parole/conditional release?

A

Alexander Maconochie

45
Q

What are tickets to leave?

A

Tickets of leave gave offenders more privileges (e.g., to marry, seek employment) & eventually some could earn their return to England

46
Q

What is parole?

A

A federal prisoner who has been released prior to their warrant expiry date after their cases have been reviewed by the Parole Board of Canada (PBC)

47
Q

What is day parole?

A

Day parole is a form of release under Canadian law that permits prisoner participation in public activities during the day, and requires they return to their prison or halfway house nightly

48
Q

What is full parole?

A

Lets you serve the rest of your sentence under supervision in the community.

49
Q

What is statutory release?

A

Federal offenders who have served two-thirds of a fixed-length sentence be released from prison under supervision at that point.

50
Q

What is the purpose of parole?

A

To ensure the safe transition of CSC prisoners into the community

51
Q

When are temporary releases given?

A

Often given for medical or rehabilitative purposes, or for family visits or funerals

52
Q

When are temporary unescorted absences given?

A

May begin after serving 1/6 sentence (for 3+ year sentences), or after 6 months (for 2-3 year sentences) & are for family visits, employment, etc.

53
Q

How long do “lifers” need to wait before they can have “unescorted absences”?

A

22 years

54
Q

What does CoSA stand for?

A

Circles of Support and Accountability

55
Q

What are the 3 phases of CoSA?

A

-The core member (ex-offender) establishes trust with the volunteers & receives support from them
-Higher levels of trust develop between the core member & volunteers
-After the core member is fully reintegrated into the community, the need for support decreases & the circles eventually close,

56
Q

What are some barriers for community re-entry?

A

-Offender lacking official identification
-Uncertainty about where they were going to live & work
-Returning to the same criminogenic neighborhood where they resided in prior to being incarcerated
-Lack of meaningful job opportunities
-No supply of their medications
-The challenges of reconnecting with family & friends involved in crime & substance abuse
-Collateral consequences
-Not getting hired
-Strained family and friend relationships

57
Q

What is the task force that created the 5 principles used in women’s institutions today?

A

Creating Choices

58
Q

Who oversees the services, resources and accommodations for women in federal correction facilities?

A

The Correctional Service of Canada (CSC)

59
Q

What is the CSC goals for women offenders?

A

-Help women offenders rebuild their lives as law-abiding citizens
-Create safer communities for all

60
Q

What do female offenders struggle more with than male offenders?

A

Substance abuse disorders and mental health issues (schizophrenia, major depression, psychosexual dysfunction, & anti-social personality disorders)

61
Q

How many womens facilities are there?

A

5

62
Q

What are the 5 principles made by Creating Choices?

A

-Empowering women offenders
-Nurture meaningful and responsible choices
-Foster respect and dignity
-Create a supportive environment
-Promote shared responsibility

63
Q

What is the goal of empowerment?

A

To enhance female inmates self-esteem and empower them to direct their own lives

64
Q

What is the goal of fostering meaningful and responsible choices?

A

Life inside prison can better mirror life outside and provide a more realistic environment to foster self-sufficiency and responsibility

65
Q

What is the goal of having respect and dignity?

A

Gives female inmates the ability to respect others regardless of culture, religion, and other factors

66
Q

What is the importance of a supportive environment?

A

The quality of an environment can promote physical health, psychological health, and personal development

67
Q

What is the idea of shared responsibility?

A

Teaching female inmates to work together as they would outside of the institution (budgeting, cleaning, cooking, etc)

68
Q

What are Housing Units in Institutions?

A

Minimum or medium security houses located inside institutions with communal living areas. The women are responsible for cooking, cleaning, etc

69
Q

What is the Main Institutional Building?

A

Where you would find programs, recreational activities, health services, etc

70
Q

What are secure units (SU)?

A

You would find max security inmates here. They are under high level intervention and supervision

71
Q

What are structured living environments (SLE)?

A

Houses women who are minimum or medium security and have mental health issues or cognitive limitations

72
Q

What are Section 81 Agreements?

A

Allows CSC to enter into an agreement with an Indigenous community for the provision of correctional services to Indigenous offenders

73
Q

What are community-based residential facilities (CBRFs)?

A

“Halfway houses”, provide a bridge between the institution and the community.Manage offenders on day parole, full parole with residency, statutory release with residency, and long-term supervision orders with residency

74
Q

What kinds of programming do CBRFs offer?

A

-life skills
-substance abuse
-employment, and/or
-crisis counselling

75
Q

Who is provided Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)?

A

Women offenders with diagnosed mental health issues

76
Q

What does DBT offer?

A

-skills training sessions
2-4-hour coaching
-treatment team consultations
-sessions with a psychologist
-supportive environment

Criminal Justice Systems (2 decks)

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