Corrections Exam #1 Flashcards
Penology
the study of the punishment of crime and of prison management
Selective incapacitation
locking up the worst of the worst
Crime control model
- it is the states role to control crime
- laws must be enforced to protect citizens
- demands “assembly line” justice
- minimizes appeals
- leads to two outcomes: fact-finding that exonerates the suspect or entry of a guilty plea
Due process model
designed to prevent innocent people from wrongful convictions
- focuses on the rights of the accused
- obstacles at every step of the way protect the systems integrity
- factual guilt is not the same as legal guilt
- legal guilt requires that evidence was collected according to the correct procedures
Transportation
Poor, Criminals, and various undesirables were shipped to remote location. England shipped to Virginia, Maryland, Georgia. All used it France, Russia, Spain, Portugal, Denmark, and Holland.
Contract and lease system
Hire out inmate’s labor to farmers of other contractors.
Ethics
- the study of doing the right thing
- have large amounts of discretion in corrections.
- they deal with people of few rights and protections.
- deficiencies on a professional level.
Emmanuel Kant noted a Categorical imperative.
- each person should act as he or she would like all others to act.
- must seek to be guided by reason.
Walnut street jail
- The first prison
- typical jail for the period
- no separation between inmates
- built in 1773
Deontological system
whether an act itself is good
teleological system
whether consequences of an act are good.
William Penn
- Governor of Pennsylvania was a quaker
- prison based on quaker values
- Solitude, Quiet contemplation, need for penitence, no interaction with inmates.
Maconochie Reforms
- Rewards for good behavior
- well fed and clothed
- prisoners treated like people.
- Reforms were successful in regard to prisoner conduct.
- He was removed
Jeremy Bentham
- Designed panopticon “guardians of the galaxy”
- improved supervision of prisoners
- reforms trade training, education, prison open to public.
- people were hedonistic, rational, endowed with free will.
The 6 touchstones of ethics
- ethical formalism- includes clear rights and wrongs
- utilitarianism- morality based on how many people were helped
- religion- weigh right or wrong on the basis of religion
- natural law- what is good and what is known to be so laws.
- ethics of virtue- emphasizes virtue of one’s character telling the truth all the time.
- egoism- needs of self are most important.
War on drug results
- No reduction in drug supply or use.
- galvanized illegal drug trade.
- corrupted government officials.
- challenged ethical behavior of corrections officials
- facilities and caseloads crowded by such offenders.
- drained resources
- targeted minorities and cost likely in the trillions.
the recurring themes of corrections
Some obvious influence of money, political climate.
Some not obvious compassion, prisons remove punishment from the public’s view. Influence on religion, prison as agent of social control.
Goals of deterrence
To stop or deter people from committing crimes.
Noble cause corruption
- a profound moral commitment to make the world a safer place to live
- the ends are always more important than the means in noble cause corruption
- compelling explanation for unethical behavior
Durkheim’s functions of punishment
- Retributive justice- punishment is intended to avenge those wronged.
- Restitutive justice- punishment is intended to repair wrongs and deter crime.
Beccaria conditions of effective punishment
Effective punishment will be swift, certain, and severe
The smell of the victims blood
Do everything, you can to get Justise for the victim.
Running to the tower
Heroes run into danger while everyone else is running out. firefighters
Dorthea Dix
Explored correctional experiences for women
1. humanitarian and reformer
2.Remarks on prisons and prison discipline in the United States
3. Four-year study of prions in the northeast and Midwest
4. Most understaffed and overcrowded.
5. Argued against inmate discipline and degradation.
6. Argued against long sentences for minor offenses
7. Remarked on quality and availability of food and water
8. Did not find more inmates deemed “insane” in Pennsylvania-modeled prisons.
9. Explored moral and religious instructions.
10.Studied practice of allowing public to be spectators
11. Tried to explore the idea of recidivism but no records kept
Beaumont and Tocqueville
Frech and studies US prisons in 1831
Commented on the faults at the walnut street jail.
1. Currupted inmates by contamination -inmates were separated by offense they still worked together in common areas.
2. corrupted by indulgence- individuals plunged into solitude grew lazy.
3. they also supported solitude at night and silence during the day.
Functions of corrections
The functions of corrections are to punish, treat, and to supervise people who have been convicted of a crime.
Marks system
Maconochie’s system of prisoner earning privileges and time off their sentence for good behavior.
Convict code
Robert Irwin’s idea that there is an “unwritten” or “informal” rule that convicts learn to live by. they are enforced by other prisoners.
Positivist’s view of punishment
They believe that reform is more important than punishment. They prioritize rehabilitation. Punishment will not fix the system that caused the crime, and the reform is necessary to lower crime rates.
Justifications for punishment
1.Retribution- punished the same degree of the harm caused
2. deterrence- deter people from committing crimes
3. incapacitation- an offender cannot prey upon the public because they now lack the ability to do so locked up.
4. rehabilitation- changing the behavior of the offender.
5. reintegration- reintroducing the offender into life in society.
