corrections chapter 5-8 Flashcards
study for crim
Three steps of supervision
- P.O establishes relationship and defines roles
- Establish supervision goals
- Officer decides how to terminate probation
what is a PSI
Pre Sentencing Investigation
Presentnecing Investigation
serves mainly to help the judge select an appropriate sentence
When is a PSI ordered
after the offenders conviction (normaly after a guilty plea)
How does a PSI begin
normally by interviewing the offender to obtain basic background information
PSI also includes statements from
- witnesses of the crime
- the investigating police officers
- victim or the next of kin
Two techniques to improve validity and reliability for PSI’s
verification and objectivity
verification
cross check info since most is hearasy
objectivity
avoid vague conclusions about the case (hes immature)
In the PSI, probation officers answer three questions
- What circumstances promote a sentence other than prison?
- What aggravating circumstances suggest that prison is the best alternative?
- Does the offender have special needs that the community would meet best?
How offten do Judges follow PSI recomendations
70-90% of the time
cleansing of a psi
redacts confindential comments and clinical statements
williams v. new york (1949)
judge imposed death sentence and jur recomended life
The supervisory Function
- Probation supervision follows universally accepted standards
- probation officer has the responsibility to develop a case plan that observes such standards
- Case plan prescribes a combination of activities and reporting features based on probationer needs
3 major elements of supervision
- the officer
- the offender
- the bureacuracy
Major conflict or Probation Officer
enforcing the law and helping the offender
Peace officer statutes of Probabtion Officere
- In 20 jurisdictions, some or all probation officers are peace officers with full police powers of arrest/search warrant
- In 18 jurisdictions, the probation officer may arrest someone under their supervision or interfering with their duties; however, these officers do not have the peace officer status
- Ten jurisdictions specifically prohibit the probation officer from arresting anyone
- Three states have local options systems (california, ohio and pennsylvania)
Probation officers in CT
can not carry fire arm
motivational interviewing
This strategy allows an increase in the effectiveness of correctional treatment to promote the offender’s stake in the change process
The Bureaucracy
- All supervision activities take place in the context of a bureaucratic organization
- Formal and Informal
3 types of conditions imposed on a probationer
- curfew
- empolyment
- reporting to office
punitive conditions
includes fines , community service and some form of restitution
Treatment conditions
for the probationer to deal with a significant problem or need ( alcohol or anger managment)
The effectiveness depends on several factors including:
Skill/Competence of officer
Availability of treatment services
Needs and motives of probationer
recidivism
The return of a former correctional client to criminal behavior as measured by arrests
Case management systems
help focus the supervision effort of probation officers on probationer problems
5 part model system
Statistical risk assessment Systematic needs assessment Contact supervision standards Case planning Workload accounting
Statistical risk assessment
Use of this reduces overprediction
Systematic needs assessment
Evaluating probationer’s problems according to a list of potential needs
Contact supervision standards
Spend time with clients that are “high risk”
Case planning
Supervision plan is put into writing
Workload accounting
The number of staff needed to effectively carry out the supervision
goal of case managment system
to identify which probationers need certain needs to be met, then to have the client in the most appropriate supervision setting
do most officers use the case managment priciples?
no
evidence based supervision
Researches systematically investigate the differences between programs that work; that reduce recidivism
4 principles of evidence based supervision
Risk principle
Supervision principle
Treatment principle
Referral principle
risk/supervision
focus on high risk problems
refferal
makes refferrals to treatment programs
Performance Based Supervision
approach emphasizes “results” in setting priorities and selecting events
Broken windows probation
New problem solving and partnership strategies
probation status end in two ways
Probation is successfully completed
Probation is revoked due to misbehavior
Revocation and Termination of Probation
This means that the officer does not need a search warrant or probable cause
About 1/5 to 1/3 failed to abide by probation conditions
revocation process
Formal notice of specific charges is brought forth to offender
A preliminary hearing date is set
Americas prison population
93% by adult males
what is a prison
A prison is an institution operated by a state or federal government for the confinement of convicted offenders who have been sentenced to terms of more than one year
captal punishment in CT
Osborn C.I.
primary goal of prisons back in the day
custody
southern prisons back in the day
Prisoners used as farm labor
Racially segregated
Prisoners were not contained in massive stone and concrete walls like in the North
correctional institutions back in the day
These facilities in the 1960s/1970s were dominated by rehabilitation model
Security, discipline, and order still high priority
focus of prisons toda
crime control with primary emphasis being incarceration
Three models have predominated since the early 1940s:
Custodial
Rehabilitation
Reintegration
custodial
Emphasis on security, discipline, and order
Incapacitation, deterrence, and retribution are focused goals
Goal for the C/Os is this custody piece
It is the C/Os responsibility to primarily maintain safety of the inmates and staff
Secondly, maintain order and discipline of the inmates
It is the C/Os responsibility to primarily maintain safety of the inmates and staff
Secondly, maintain order and discipline of the inmates
Emphasis on treatment programs to reform offender
Security and housekeeping activities are preconditions for rehabilitative efforts
C/Os see incapacitation as the prison’s primary goal
To maintain security and control of the inmate population
Reintegration
Structures and goals of community corrections
Prison Systems
All 50 states and the federal government operate prisons
1,292 confinement facilities
283 are run by private companies
The Federal Prison System
Responsible for all persons charged or convicted of offenses against the United States:
focus of federal prison system
Severity of the instant offense
The time the inmate may serve
Inmate’s history of escape, violence, and incarceration
Prison makeup
57% white
40% black
93% male
2/3 of pretrial detainees are housed
in state or local facilities on a contractual basis
u.s. marshall service
responsible for the placing of these detainees
The Bureau of Prisons classifies using five different security levels
High Medium Low Minimum Administrative
super max in the 1960’s
Alcatraz
super max in the 1980’s
USP-Marion inillinois
super max today
USP-Florence in colorado
UNICOR
provides work assesments for about 20% offederal prisoners, formed in 1934
how much do inmates get paid
$.23 to $1.15 an hur
Drug Treatment
all federal facilities offer psychological or pschiatric counseling
Drug Education
an information-oriented program available to almost all inmates. Every year more than 15% of federal inmates participate
Nonresidential
Nonresidential-outpatient program consisting of individual and group counseling, self-help groups, and seminars. Less than 10 percent participate in this program
Residential
-About one half of federal facilities have this program. It reaches about 10 percent of the federal inmates with serious-drug related problems. There are roughly 1/3 of federal inmates with serious problems. The program is nine months of intensive individual and group counseling that is voluntary
state prison stems
executive branch of government administers prisons
Commissioners of corrections
responsible for the operation of prisons
warden or superintendent
reports directly to the commissioner or deputy commissioner
How many people workin state correctional institutions?
390,000
% of recidivists
44% rearested within a year of release
25% return to prison with in 3 years
Philadelphia’s Eastern Penitentiary
radial design
radial design
Cross-section of a spoked wheel
Telephone pole design
central corridor with Wings that are horizontal to the vertical corridor
Osborn C.I.
Telephone pole
courtyard style
The functional units of a prison are housed in separate buildings constructed on four sides of an open square
campus style
Relatively small housing units are scattered among the shops, school, dining hall, and other units
