corrections chapter 5-8 Flashcards
study for crim
Three steps of supervision
- P.O establishes relationship and defines roles
- Establish supervision goals
- Officer decides how to terminate probation
what is a PSI
Pre Sentencing Investigation
Presentnecing Investigation
serves mainly to help the judge select an appropriate sentence
When is a PSI ordered
after the offenders conviction (normaly after a guilty plea)
How does a PSI begin
normally by interviewing the offender to obtain basic background information
PSI also includes statements from
- witnesses of the crime
- the investigating police officers
- victim or the next of kin
Two techniques to improve validity and reliability for PSI’s
verification and objectivity
verification
cross check info since most is hearasy
objectivity
avoid vague conclusions about the case (hes immature)
In the PSI, probation officers answer three questions
- What circumstances promote a sentence other than prison?
- What aggravating circumstances suggest that prison is the best alternative?
- Does the offender have special needs that the community would meet best?
How offten do Judges follow PSI recomendations
70-90% of the time
cleansing of a psi
redacts confindential comments and clinical statements
williams v. new york (1949)
judge imposed death sentence and jur recomended life
The supervisory Function
- Probation supervision follows universally accepted standards
- probation officer has the responsibility to develop a case plan that observes such standards
- Case plan prescribes a combination of activities and reporting features based on probationer needs
3 major elements of supervision
- the officer
- the offender
- the bureacuracy
Major conflict or Probation Officer
enforcing the law and helping the offender
Peace officer statutes of Probabtion Officere
- In 20 jurisdictions, some or all probation officers are peace officers with full police powers of arrest/search warrant
- In 18 jurisdictions, the probation officer may arrest someone under their supervision or interfering with their duties; however, these officers do not have the peace officer status
- Ten jurisdictions specifically prohibit the probation officer from arresting anyone
- Three states have local options systems (california, ohio and pennsylvania)
Probation officers in CT
can not carry fire arm
motivational interviewing
This strategy allows an increase in the effectiveness of correctional treatment to promote the offender’s stake in the change process
The Bureaucracy
- All supervision activities take place in the context of a bureaucratic organization
- Formal and Informal
3 types of conditions imposed on a probationer
- curfew
- empolyment
- reporting to office
punitive conditions
includes fines , community service and some form of restitution
Treatment conditions
for the probationer to deal with a significant problem or need ( alcohol or anger managment)
The effectiveness depends on several factors including:
Skill/Competence of officer
Availability of treatment services
Needs and motives of probationer
recidivism
The return of a former correctional client to criminal behavior as measured by arrests
Case management systems
help focus the supervision effort of probation officers on probationer problems
5 part model system
Statistical risk assessment Systematic needs assessment Contact supervision standards Case planning Workload accounting
Statistical risk assessment
Use of this reduces overprediction
Systematic needs assessment
Evaluating probationer’s problems according to a list of potential needs
Contact supervision standards
Spend time with clients that are “high risk”
Case planning
Supervision plan is put into writing
Workload accounting
The number of staff needed to effectively carry out the supervision
goal of case managment system
to identify which probationers need certain needs to be met, then to have the client in the most appropriate supervision setting
do most officers use the case managment priciples?
no
evidence based supervision
Researches systematically investigate the differences between programs that work; that reduce recidivism
4 principles of evidence based supervision
Risk principle
Supervision principle
Treatment principle
Referral principle
risk/supervision
focus on high risk problems
refferal
makes refferrals to treatment programs
Performance Based Supervision
approach emphasizes “results” in setting priorities and selecting events
Broken windows probation
New problem solving and partnership strategies
probation status end in two ways
Probation is successfully completed
Probation is revoked due to misbehavior
Revocation and Termination of Probation
This means that the officer does not need a search warrant or probable cause
About 1/5 to 1/3 failed to abide by probation conditions
revocation process
Formal notice of specific charges is brought forth to offender
A preliminary hearing date is set
Americas prison population
93% by adult males
what is a prison
A prison is an institution operated by a state or federal government for the confinement of convicted offenders who have been sentenced to terms of more than one year
captal punishment in CT
Osborn C.I.
primary goal of prisons back in the day
custody
southern prisons back in the day
Prisoners used as farm labor
Racially segregated
Prisoners were not contained in massive stone and concrete walls like in the North
correctional institutions back in the day
These facilities in the 1960s/1970s were dominated by rehabilitation model
Security, discipline, and order still high priority
focus of prisons toda
crime control with primary emphasis being incarceration
Three models have predominated since the early 1940s:
Custodial
Rehabilitation
Reintegration
custodial
Emphasis on security, discipline, and order
Incapacitation, deterrence, and retribution are focused goals
Goal for the C/Os is this custody piece
It is the C/Os responsibility to primarily maintain safety of the inmates and staff
Secondly, maintain order and discipline of the inmates
It is the C/Os responsibility to primarily maintain safety of the inmates and staff
Secondly, maintain order and discipline of the inmates
Emphasis on treatment programs to reform offender
Security and housekeeping activities are preconditions for rehabilitative efforts
C/Os see incapacitation as the prison’s primary goal
To maintain security and control of the inmate population
Reintegration
Structures and goals of community corrections
Prison Systems
All 50 states and the federal government operate prisons
1,292 confinement facilities
283 are run by private companies
The Federal Prison System
Responsible for all persons charged or convicted of offenses against the United States:
focus of federal prison system
Severity of the instant offense
The time the inmate may serve
Inmate’s history of escape, violence, and incarceration
Prison makeup
57% white
40% black
93% male
2/3 of pretrial detainees are housed
in state or local facilities on a contractual basis
u.s. marshall service
responsible for the placing of these detainees
The Bureau of Prisons classifies using five different security levels
High Medium Low Minimum Administrative
super max in the 1960’s
Alcatraz
super max in the 1980’s
USP-Marion inillinois
super max today
USP-Florence in colorado
UNICOR
provides work assesments for about 20% offederal prisoners, formed in 1934
how much do inmates get paid
$.23 to $1.15 an hur
Drug Treatment
all federal facilities offer psychological or pschiatric counseling
Drug Education
an information-oriented program available to almost all inmates. Every year more than 15% of federal inmates participate
Nonresidential
Nonresidential-outpatient program consisting of individual and group counseling, self-help groups, and seminars. Less than 10 percent participate in this program
Residential
-About one half of federal facilities have this program. It reaches about 10 percent of the federal inmates with serious-drug related problems. There are roughly 1/3 of federal inmates with serious problems. The program is nine months of intensive individual and group counseling that is voluntary
state prison stems
executive branch of government administers prisons
Commissioners of corrections
responsible for the operation of prisons
warden or superintendent
reports directly to the commissioner or deputy commissioner
How many people workin state correctional institutions?
390,000
% of recidivists
44% rearested within a year of release
25% return to prison with in 3 years
Philadelphia’s Eastern Penitentiary
radial design
radial design
Cross-section of a spoked wheel
Telephone pole design
central corridor with Wings that are horizontal to the vertical corridor
Osborn C.I.
Telephone pole
courtyard style
The functional units of a prison are housed in separate buildings constructed on four sides of an open square
campus style
Relatively small housing units are scattered among the shops, school, dining hall, and other units
location of most prisons
Rural areas
% of inmates in medium security prisons
43%
% of inmates in minimum security prisons
19%
incarceration rates 1930-1980
139/100,000
incarceration rates 1980-1990
200/100,000
incarceration rates now
488/100,000
top 5 states
texas, louisiana, mississippi,oklahoma and alabama
of reasons for increased carceration in the u.s.
5
reason 1
Increased arrests resulting in more likely to receive a prison sentence
reason 2
Tougher sentencing
reason 3
Prison construction
reason 4
The war on drugs
reason 5
state and local politics
3 of statagies that states take to address the overcrowding
4
strategy 1
null strategy (do nothing)
strategy 2
Construction strategy (build more C.I.)
strategy 3
intermediate sanctions (after release from prison, continued to be punished)
strategy 4
backdoor strategies (get offenders out of prison before there time is up)
the inmate code
rules of cnduct reflecting the inmate values and norms
culture of maximum sectury male inmates
masculine
slang for a new inmate
Fish
slang for a sesoned inmate
shark
Prisonization
The customs are being absorbed and adaptation to the new environment begins
Right guys
an upholder of inmate values and intrests
Square john
an inmate with a noncriminal selfidentity
punk
a passive homosexual
rat
a snitch
gorilla/wolf
agressive inmate
Gresham sykes
coined the term “pains of imprisonment”
pains of inprisonment
described the inmate’s emotional loss of liberty, goods, and services, heterosexual relationships, autonomy, freedom of movement, and security
John Irwin and Donald Cresse
suggest that the prison subculture is actually three subcultures
convict
is found mostly among state raised youths who have been in and out and used to living in single-sex society
theif
consider crime as a career and are awaiting the “big score
straight
One time offenders who identify with staff
stratagies to surive in incarceration
- doing time
- gleaning
- jailing
- disorganized criminal
Doing time
stay out of trouble
gleaning
get the most out of being in prison (education, gym, self improvment)
jailing
jail is their home
disorganized criminal
Inmates who cannot develop any of the other three role orientations
sub rosa inmate economy
marketplace within the prison subculture (stolen food, drugs and pruno)
Gray market
Inmate exchange or barter scarce items for illegal or quasi-illegal commodities (drugs sex gambling debts)
black market
: Items themselves are illegal and considered contraband (cellphones, moon shine, illicit drugs)
women in prison
52% not white
37% between the age of 35-44
44% high school graduates
35% make up violent crimes
Cools
female inmates that minipulate other inmates to pass time
th mix
female inmates that cause trouble with staff and other inmates
squares
situational offender who want to do the right thing and rectify their mistakes
2008 incarceration rate of women
68/100,000
2 issues of female facilities
sexual misconduct by officers and mother child relationships
Predictive models
are designed to distinguish inmates based on escape, potential facility misconduct, and future criminal behavior
Equity-based models
use only a few explicitly defined legal variables reflecting current and previous criminal characteristics
piece price system
Inmates produce goods with raw materials provided by a contractor and the fees for their labor were paid to the prison
lease system
worked 12-16 hours days, contractor maintained inmate and provided funds to prisons to help them operate
public accoun system
prison purchasing machinery and raw materials with which inmates manufactured salable products
state use system
prison inmates making goods that are purchased by state institutions and agencies exclusively
Public Works and Ways System
Inmates work on public construction and maintenance projects
hawes cooper act
The act made all inmate-manufactured goods transported through a state subject to that state’s laws
the Ashurst-Sumners Act
Made it a crime for the interstate transport of prison made goods into a state that restricted their sale
psycotherapy
treatment of the mind
psychotrpic medication
drugs that lessen the severity of symptoms of psychological illness
reality thrapy
Treatment that emphasizes personal responsibility for actions and consequences
Confrontation therapy
Usually in a group setting where group members confront one another’s rationalizations and manipulations common to criminal thoughts and actions
Transactional analysis
Focuses on the patterns of interactions with others
Aim is to help people realize that their problems are commonly as a result of being angry and not responsible
Cognitive skill building
Changing the thought patterns that accompany criminal behavior
Estelle v. Gamble (1976)
Inmates have right to medical treatment while incarcerated
% of inmates with HCV
25%
formal organization
structure established for influencing behavior to achieve a particular goal
F.O.
created to achieve certain goals (Ford, Prison, Univ. of CT)
Remunerative Power
The ability to obtain compliance in exchange for material resources
Normative Power
maintain compliance by manipulating a symbolic reward
Coercive Power
This is the ability to obtain compliance from the applicant by threat of physical force
confinement model
punish offenders fairly and justly
confinemnt model 5 main objectives
- keep them in
- keep them safe
- keep them in line
- keep them healthy
- keep them busy
a warden
ultimately responsible for the operation of the institution
Deputy wardens
oversee various functional divisions
concepts of organization
organize the functioning of hierarchically structured prisons
unity ofcommand
subordinate only reporting to one supervisor
chain of command
A series of positions whereas each person received orders from above and issues orders below
span of cntrol
Management principle holding that a supervisor can effectively oversee only a limited number of subordinates
line personnel
Directly concerned with furthering the institution’s goals
staff personnel
Support line personnel working under deputy warden for management
inmate balance theory (clemmer and sykes)
This suggests that for a prison to operate effectively, staff must tolerate minor infractions, relax security measures, and allow inmate leaders to keep order
administrative control theory (john DiIulio)
unstable, divided, or otherwise weak management
New Jersey State Prison – Gresham Sykes
Public would not tolerate the physical coercion until cooperate and social isolation. Public wants prisons to be run humanly in the end.
prison riot
a collective attempt by inmates to take over part or all of the prison
Frustration Riot
Uprising due to the unified inmate subculture lashing out against the prison authorities
Race Riot
A political racial conflict is a crucial factor in many if not most of these prison-based riots
Political Riot
Demands from inmates based on their racial and political concerns
Rage Riot
Often spontaneous expression of inmate frustration due to mistreatment by prison officials
Machismo
requires physical retaliation against those who insult one’s honor
bravado
impress others
Top 5 prison gangs
- mexican mafia
- la nuestra familia
- black guerilla family
- Texas syndicate
- aryan brotherhood
PREA
PRISON RAPE ELIMINATION ACT
5 factors contributed to prison violence
- Inadequate staff supervision
- Architectural design promoting victimization
- Easy availability of deadly weapons
- Housing of violence-prone inmates near defenseless people
- Overall high level of tension produced by close quarters
Rage Riot
Often spontaneous expression of inmate frustration due to mistreatment by prison officials
Machismo
requires physical retaliation against those who insult one’s honor
Machismo
requires physical retaliation against those who insult one’s honor
bravado
impress others
bravado
impress others
Top 5 prison gangs
- mexican mafia
- la nuestra familia
- black guerilla family
- Texas syndicate
- aryan brotherhood
Top 5 prison gangs
- mexican mafia
- la nuestra familia
- black guerilla family
- Texas syndicate
- aryan brotherhood
PREA
PRISON RAPE ELIMINATION ACT
PREA
PRISON RAPE ELIMINATION ACT
5 factors contributed to prison violence
- Inadequate staff supervision
- Architectural design promoting victimization
- Easy availability of deadly weapons
- Housing of violence-prone inmates near defenseless people
- Overall high level of tension produced by close quarters
5 factors contributed to prison violence
- Inadequate staff supervision
- Architectural design promoting victimization
- Easy availability of deadly weapons
- Housing of violence-prone inmates near defenseless people
- Overall high level of tension produced by close quarters
New Jersey State Prison – Gresham Sykes
Public would not tolerate the physical coercion until cooperate and social isolation. Public wants prisons to be run humanly in the end.
New Jersey State Prison – Gresham Sykes
Public would not tolerate the physical coercion until cooperate and social isolation. Public wants prisons to be run humanly in the end.
prison riot
a collective attempt by inmates to take over part or all of the prison
prison riot
a collective attempt by inmates to take over part or all of the prison
Frustration Riot
Uprising due to the unified inmate subculture lashing out against the prison authorities
Frustration Riot
Uprising due to the unified inmate subculture lashing out against the prison authorities
Race Riot
A political racial conflict is a crucial factor in many if not most of these prison-based riots
Race Riot
A political racial conflict is a crucial factor in many if not most of these prison-based riots
Political Riot
Demands from inmates based on their racial and political concerns
Political Riot
Demands from inmates based on their racial and political concerns
Rage Riot
Often spontaneous expression of inmate frustration due to mistreatment by prison officials
Rage Riot
Often spontaneous expression of inmate frustration due to mistreatment by prison officials
Machismo
requires physical retaliation against those who insult one’s honor
Machismo
requires physical retaliation against those who insult one’s honor
bravado
impress others
bravado
impress others
Top 5 prison gangs
- mexican mafia
- la nuestra familia
- black guerilla family
- Texas syndicate
- aryan brotherhood
Top 5 prison gangs
- mexican mafia
- la nuestra familia
- black guerilla family
- Texas syndicate
- aryan brotherhood
PREA
PRISON RAPE ELIMINATION ACT
PREA
PRISON RAPE ELIMINATION ACT
5 factors contributed to prison violence
- Inadequate staff supervision
- Architectural design promoting victimization
- Easy availability of deadly weapons
- Housing of violence-prone inmates near defenseless people
- Overall high level of tension produced by close quarters
5 factors contributed to prison violence
- Inadequate staff supervision
- Architectural design promoting victimization
- Easy availability of deadly weapons
- Housing of violence-prone inmates near defenseless people
- Overall high level of tension produced by close quarters
