Corrections and Psychology Flashcards
Types of Forensic Assessments for placement
LSI : Level of service inventory
YLS: Youth Service Inventory
Every person convicted has one of these done on them.
Types of Forensic Assessments for dangerousness
PCL-R: Psychopathy Checklist Revised
This is to determine how dangerous the person is to themselves and others. Its not mandated and doesn’t limit access to treatment.
Types of Forensic Assessments for execution
Competence to execute
Rehab and Release Assessments
Probation: Positive Achievement Change Tool – PACT
Parole: CAIS - Correctional Assessment and Intervention System
What are the two theories of offender rehabilitation
Social learning theory
Antecedent-Behaviour-Consequence Model
Social learning theory
Social learning theory and corrections combines the basic principles of Skinnerian learning with an understanding that humans can observe, think and speak. Albert Bandura: extends the work of Skinner by arguing that humans understand language and have a higher cognitive capacity than other animals so may “learn” through modelling and the use of non-direct reinforcers (i.e. threat and punishment). This is how we do it in Australia
Social Learning Model
Learning doesn’t just come from modelling it includes these elements.
Required components:
1. Characteristics of the Model (demographics, appeal, etc.). What is an appealing reward? Saying that the model can go home if they go to school each day, and not knowing that they’re dad is abusing them is not knowing your client, can’t be surprised when they don’t go to school. Know them so you know what a reward to them is)
2. Characteristics of the observer (motivation, attention)
3. Reward Structure (perceived as a reward, effective schedule). Some people have never received an award, so giving them a certificate for completing a course is so important to some people.
Required processes:
- Attentional process: the individual must be paying close attention to allow for the accurate imitation of the model in terms of displayed behaviour.
- Retention process: the individual must be able and willing to designate cognitive effort to retaining the modelled behaviours effectively (image and/verbal processing)
- Production process: the individual must be able to translate the mental image or verbal symbolism into an overt behaviour.
- Incentive process: the individual must hold a belief that the production of the behaviour will provide some positive reinforcement.
Social Learning: Threats and promises
In a behavioural context, t and p’s take the place of rewards and punishments. The effectiveness is based on:
- Limited use: the less often they are used the more effective they are
- Specificity: the more specific the threat or promise, the more effective it is
- Realism: the more realistic a threat or promise, the more effective it is.
- History/Reputation: T&P effectiveness will be weighed against your reputation for follow-through
- Reciprocal impact: the more a threat and promise is seen to cost the person issuing the statement, the more effective it will
Social Learning: Modelling
suggests that the concept of operant conditioning can be applied in humans through “seeing” others who receive direct reinforcement (i.e. punishment or reward)
Antecedent-Behaviour-Consequence Model
The ABC model is a three part system to understanding why a behaviour occurs. A - what precedes the behaviour. B- the behaviour itself (a disruptive behaviour). C- the behaviour that directly follows. Use the Teacher example.
Model suggest a number of places for potential intervention:
- Learning/re-learning
- Selection of models
- Behavioural control
Criminogenic needs (8)
- Criminal History: this cannot be impactes as it has already occured. Perceptions of the crime may be impacted over time.
- Drug and Alcohol Use
- Friends & Family (Associates)
- Recreation & Leisure
- Anti-Social Attitudes
- Anti-Social Personality Traits
- Employment
- Education
Specific Risk Factors for Offending
Dispositional
Historical
Clinical
Contextual
Dispositional Risk Factors: Factors that reflect the individual’s traits, tendencies, styles
- Demographics (age, gender)
- Personality characteristics (psychopathology, deviant sexual arousal)
Historical Risk Factors: Factors related to events that have been experienced in the past
- Past behaviour (violence, dealing with stress in the past)
- Age of anti-social behaviour
- Childhood maltreatment
Clinical Risk Factors: Factors related to types and symptoms of mental disorders
- Substance use
- Psychological disorder
Contextual Risk Factors: Factors relates to aspects of the current environment
- Lack of social support
- Access to weapons
- Access to victims
