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Criminal Justice exam 4 > corrections > Flashcards

corrections Flashcards

1
Q

what is corporal punishment

A

punishments involving direct harm to the body

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2
Q

what did William penn and the quakers do

A

introduced a more humane system that forbid torture, imprisonment at hard labor and moderate flogging with restitution, and ordered Houses of Confederation to be built, solitary confinement

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3
Q

what is the auburn system

A

also called the tier system, based on fear of punishment and silent confinement, congregate work conditions, separate and silent conditions at night (no talking, make profit off of inmates)

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4
Q

what was the reformatory movement

A

believed rehabilitation was the best purpose for institutions, believed psychological, social, and biological conditions led to deviance, advocated indeterminate sentences

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5
Q

what did Elmira do for the reformatory movement

A

elmira reformatory in New York was one of the first to employ the reformative report

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6
Q

what did Zebulon Brockway do

A

wanted to end corporal punishment, enhance education, meaningful industries and vocational training, and focus on reintegration

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7
Q

what is the rehabilitation model

A

emphasized the need to restore an offender to a constructive place in society through some form of vocational or educational training or therapy; based on medical model

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8
Q

what is the federal prison system

A

federal bureau of prisons operates the system; maintains institutions at 6 security levels; population contains more inmates convicted of white collar crime than state institutions

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9
Q

how many drug offenders make up the incarceration population

A

60%

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10
Q

how much of the prison population have committed violent crimes

A

less than 7%

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11
Q

what do women create in prison

A

prison families; they are encouraged to be involved

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12
Q

what are the adaptive roles of women in prison according to Heffernan

A

square (noncriminals), cool (professionals- enhance standing once they are released), and In the Life (habitual offenders)

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13
Q

what is a jail and its purposes

A

a branch of local government (county), pre-trial detention, detain offenders awaiting sentences, confine misdemeanants, hold probation and parole violators, relieve prison overcrowding through contracts with the state

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14
Q

what are jail conditions

A

operated under concept with custodial convenience; understaffed, underpaid; lack of basic programs and services; not designed/ intended for treatment

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15
Q

what is happening in terms of prison overcrowding

A

37 states operating under court orders; state prisons are over 100% capacity

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16
Q

what are some responses to prison overcrowding

A

doubt/triple bunking; tents and military bases; river barges; and use of local jails

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17
Q

what is the percentages of males and females in prison

A

95% male and 5% female

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18
Q

what are the percentages of races in prisons

A

hispanic americans: 17%
white: 35%
african americans: 46%
other: 2%

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19
Q

what is the age distribution of prison inmates

A 
18-24: 21%
25-34: 46%
35-44: 23%
45-54: 7%
55 and older: 3%
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20
Q

what are the educational levels of prisoners

A

8th grade of less: 19%
some high school: 46%
high school graduate: 22%
some college or more: 12%

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21
Q

what are the percentages of current offenses of prisoners

A

drug offenses: 21.3%
public order offenses: 6.9%
violent offenses: 46.6%
property offenses: 24.6%

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22
Q

what are the levels of prison security

A

maximum, medium, minimum, supermax

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23
Q

what is maximum security

A

walled fortresses of concrete and steel that house the most serious, aggressive, and incorrigible offenders

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24
Q

what is medium security

A

perimeters are marked by series of fences and enclosures with fewer guard towers

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25
Q

what are minimum security prisons

A

operate without armed guards, walls, or even sometimes without fences

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26
Q

what are supermax prisons

A

highest security prisons, little or no communication with other prisoners

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27
Q

what does it mean to exchange relationships in prison

A

helps correctional officers obtain inmate cooperation where officers will tolerate minor rule infractions in exchange for compliance for major aspects of the custodial regime

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28
Q

what are the prison programs

A

classification, education, vocational training, prison industries, and rehabilitation/treatment

29
Q

what is a total institution

A

a place that erects berries to social interchange with the world at large; large groups of people live together, day and night, in a fixed area and under a tightly scheduled sequence of activities imposed by a central authority (inmates have no control over their choices, everything is determined for them)

30
Q

what is prisonization

A

internalization of prison norms and values; coined by Clemmer

31
Q

what is included in the inmate code

A

don’t be nosy, do your own time, don’t exploit inmates, don’t weaken, don’t be a sucker (be sharp)

32
Q

what is the prison economy

A

based on the unavailability of goods and services; use cigarettes as currency

33
Q

what is the chivalry factor

A

the CJ system is male dominated so they want alternatives for women so they don’t have to face the horrors of jail

34
Q

what are the causes of prison violence

A

inmates are violence prone, prisons convert people to violence, prison mismanagement, overcrowding

35
Q

what are bowker’s contributing factors to violence

A

inadequate supervision by staff members, architectural design that promotes victimization, easy availability of deadly weapons, housing of violent w/ non-violent inmates, tension created by overcrowding

36
Q

what are the types of inmate violence

A

homosexual rape, nonsexual assault (shakedown), prison riots

37
Q

what is the hands-off doctrine

A

they can run prison how they want

38
Q

what is the writ of habeas corpus

A

a means of challenging prison conditions; guaranteed by article one, section 9 of the constitution

39
Q

what are jailhouse lawyers

A

inmates that help other inmates with preparations for legal documents

40
Q

ruffin v. commonwealth

A

1871; inmates are slaves of the state, you suffer in civil debt- you don’t have the same privileges in society

41
Q

Procunier v Martinez

A

1974; mail censorship ok if prison security is at stake; established balancing test of security vs freedom

42
Q

Johnson v Avery

A

1968; authorized “jailhouse lawyers” if prisons weren’t providing legal assistance

43
Q

Sandin v Connor

A

1995; prisons can run how they want to; return to the hands off doctrine

44
Q

what is recidivism

A

rearrest, reconviction, and technical violations; serious offenders are more likely to recidivate; probation recidivism is lower than prison recidivism

45
Q

what is probation

A

created by john augustus is 1840s; most common form of community based corrections; a criminal sentence; placement of the offender in the community; keeps the offender under supervision

46
Q

how does probation work

A

prison sentence is suspended; promise of good behavior; community supervision; rules and conditions are set; probation may be revoked

47
Q

what are the conditions of probation

A

standard set of conditions apply; special conditions may be added (drug treatment or drug testing); conditions try to balance the needs of treatment & rehabilitation v. supervision & enforcement

48
Q

who is alexander maconochie

A

believed prisoners were capable of reformation; warden of australian prison on Norfolk island; prisoners could earn their way through three grades by good work and behavior; third grade was ticket of leave which provided conditional liberty

49
Q

who was Sir Walter Crofton

A

applied ticket of leave to the Irish prison system; attached conditions to leave which could result in return to prison- up to judge whether or not you live up to your street time

50
Q

what is parole

A

the most common means of release from prison; approximately 15% serve the full sentence; few get commutations; declining in popularity

51
Q

what are parole boards

A

often an independent state agency; sometimes part of the state Dept. of Corrections; members are appointed; usually no professional statutory qualifications for membership

52
Q

what are paper clients

A

regardless of what happens during probation or parole, they will be okay; probation officers don’t focus much on these people

53
Q

what are dangerous men

A

the criminals that probation officers have to focus on and pay close attention to; these are the more dangerous criminals that could be a threat when let back into society

54
Q

what is triage

A

design degrees of urgency (like emergency rooms) when it comes to who to look out for and who probation officers should focus their caseload on

55
Q

what is a technical crime of probation or parole

A

if you move without telling your officer or you go in a bar when your conditions say not to go in places solely for alcohol then it is a technical violation and probation can be revoked

56
Q

what is a legal violation

A

a violation of parole or probation that involves committing a new crime

57
Q

what is net-widening

A

using other forms of community based corrections as other options of punishment to avoid prison

58
Q

what is intensive supervision

A

form of release into the community that emphasizes close monitoring of convicted offenders and imposes rigorous conditions on that release, such as mandatory employment, mandatory visits, mandatory curfew, mandatory community service, and drug tests

59
Q

what are furloughs

A

an authorized, unescorted absence from a correctional institution for a specified period of time

60
Q

what is mandatory release

A

a release as a statute of the law; they have served their all sentence

61
Q

what is discretionary release

A

he Board must review eligible offenders for possible release on or before their release date; they can grant or deny the release

62
Q

what is unconditional release

A

when the judge does not believe that it would be helpful to impose any conditions on the defendant

63
Q

Gagnon v Scarpelli

A

1973; before revocation can occur, a stage hearing must take place and due process must be followed in the proceedings

64
Q

Mempa v Rhay

A

1967; probationer has right to counsel at revocation (trial)

65
Q

Morrisey v Brewer

A

1972; parolees have rights too when it comes to revocation

66
Q

limits of total power

A

Hierarchy that limits power

  • Commissioner
  • Warden
  • Deputy Warden
67
Q

women in prison

A

Much less violent than men
Vocational focus more on women’s duties: cooking cleaning etc.
Allowed to visit their children

68
Q

balancing test

A

a test in which opposing rights, interests, or policies are assigned a degree or level of importance and the ruling of the court is determined by which is considered greater

69
Q

what is classification

A

process through which the educational, vocational, treatment and custodial needs of the offender are determined

Criminal Justice exam 4 (1 decks)

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