Cornerstones

Question 1

woodland indians

Answer 1

people who inhabited the eastern third of what is now the US. They developed large trading networks and had the largest food supply of any region on the continent.

Question 2

Conquistadores

Answer 2

people from Spain who came to get rich off the alleged gold and silver in the americas. They found some riches but they also brought violence and disease that almost wiped out the native population

Question 3

Encomienda system

Answer 3

a system that demanded tribute from the pueblos people and commanded them as laborers. It was very harsh and violent and was ultimately removed in hopes to repair some of the damage.

Question 4

Transatlantic slave trade

Answer 4

Transported millions of enslaved people across the Atlantic to the Americas. It provided a work force for the people colonizing the continent and greatly contributed to the horrible treatment of enslaved people.

Question 5

Columbus/ columbian exchange

Answer 5

an explorer from Italy who was employed by Spain to find a path to Asia by going west. He did not find this path but he did “discover” an island in the Bahamas. His discovery of the new world was a major catalyst for other voyages west.

transfer of animals, plants and diseases between the old world and the new world. This trade was an incentive to explore the new world but the spread of disease greatly impacted the population of the indigenous people.

Question 6

Merchantism

Answer 6

the idea that the nation as a whole, not the individual people, was the principal of the economy. They sent out more and brought in less which made the country more money. This incentivized creating colonies in the americas where they could get products from their own territory’s instead of from other countries.

Question 7

Lakota sioux

Answer 7

native people who lived in what is now south/north Dakota. They were skilled in arts, making fur coats, and they had a very important religion. They had a very advanced society that they wanted to protect from the European colonizers.

Question 8

Asiento system

Answer 8

an agreement between the Spanish crown and a person granting the monopoly in supplying African enslaved people for the Spanish colonies in America. The people were considered Merchandise and sent to the Americas, this ensured a supply of enslaved people to the new world and revenue for the crown.

Question 9

Ordinances of discovery

Answer 9

forbade unauthorized operations against indigenous people. it was a set of rules/policys that were ultimately ignored and the Spanish were brutal to the natives.

Question 10

Bartolome de las casas

Answer 10

a Spanish historian who was the first to expose the oppression of indigenous people and call for the abolition of slavery in the new world.

Question 11

New laws of 1542

Answer 11

New set of laws that abolished the slavery of indigenous people and ended the encomienda system. The laws were unpopular and ignored. It was the first time that slavery was abolished.

Question 12

Valladolid debates

Answer 12

first moral debates to disscuss the rights and treatment of teh indigenous people. There was no winner.

Question 13

Juan Gines de Sepulveda

Answer 13

a humanist lawyer who debated against las casas and supported the Spanish conquest of the americas and their methods. he belived that the indigenous people had no rights or property.

Question 14

Black ledgend

Answer 14

term that indicates the unfavorable image of the Spaniards and their brutality. It solidifies the idea that the Spanish only cared for themselves and didn’t think of the natives as people.

Question 15

French and Dutch in America

Answer 15

the french founded their first perment settlement in Quebec. The french had an important relationship with the indigenous people. They had a good partnership and established a good trading relationship with them. The Dutch settled in what is now new york and had a very active trading network.

Question 16

pueblo revolt (pce)

Answer 16

uprising against spanish religious, economic and political institutions that were forced upon the pueblo people. it was the only successful native revolution against the european colonies in North America even though it was short lived.

Question 17

act of toleration (arc)

Answer 17

act passed in maryland that ensured freedom of religion and tolerance for catholic settlers in the colony. it inspired growth of the idea of religious freedom in the americas.

Question 18

Bacons rebellion (pce)

Answer 18

a major conflict (1676) between people in the backcountry settlements and the leaders in the tidewater region. Native people raided a plantation and killed someone, then the backcountry landowners fought back unauthorized. It became a military challenge to the local government,
it was the largest most powerful insurrection in the colonies. A lot of the people involved were former indentured servents, which led the colonies toward the african slave trade.

Question 19

indentured servitude (WXI)

Answer 19

People who work for someone for a set period of time after which they are freed and may receive money or land to help them start a new life. This was common in early america until freed servants caused trouble or rebelled which led to the use of african slaves instead.

Question 20

headright system (MIG)

Answer 20

Fifty acre grants of land that settlers could earn in many ways including, migrating with a family, and paying for the passage of other immigrants. They hoped this would encourage the import of the much needed laborers to america.

Question 21

Roger Williams (MIG)

Answer 21

A controversial young minister who was banished from salem massachusetts for saying that they should cut ties with the church of england. He created the town of providence and made a government of rhode island. It was the only colony where members of all faiths could worship without interference.

Question 22

Anne Hutchinson (arc)

Answer 22

Woman from Boston who argued that the massachusetts clergy had no right to spiritual office because they weren’t part of the elect. She was banished and she went to rhode island. Her beliefs had changed beliefs and social order in puritan MA.

Question 23

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (ice)

Answer 23

The constitution of hartford and two other towns. It allowed the people who did not want to convert to massachusetts puritan religion to govern themselves.

Question 24

Halfway covenant (arc)

Answer 24

religious-political solution adopted by New England puritans that allowed the children of baptized but unconverted church members to be baptized. It allowed the children to become church members and have political rights.

Question 25

New England Confederation (PCE)

Answer 25

A military alliance between the new england colonies of plymouth, connecticut, new haven, and massachusetts. It provided support against attacks by native americans, french, and dutch. It was the first intercolonial alliance and showed they could separate from england.

Question 26

King Phillips war (PCE)

Answer 26

Conflict between the wampanoag people and the english in massachusetts. The wampanoags destroyed 20 towns and killed as many as 1,000 people. before the english with the help from mohawk people, fought back and prevailed. This caused fragile alliances between native tribes to collapse and the wampanoags population to decrease dramatically which left them powerless to resist the english.

Question 27

Georgia/ James Oglethorpe (GEO)

Answer 27

Georgia was a military buffer between the spanish in Florida and the english colonies. It was seen as a place where people with no prospects could start a new. James Oglethorpe was one of the founders. He tried to make the colony a place without fighting by not allowing slaves or alcohol. He did not get what he wanted because the colonies didn’t like how he governed. It protected the colonies from spanish invasion.

Question 28

Navigation Acts (wxt)

Answer 28

Acts passed by parliament to prevent the colonies from trading with other countries. Allowed England to tax goods from the americas and required colonies to export certain items. The acts helped both England and America it helped encourage americas shipbuilding industry. The colonists were bitter about it and it may cause some trouble later.

Question 29

Triangular Trade (wxt)

Answer 29

A some what inaccurate term describing the trade where merchants carried run and other goods from the england to Africa; exchanged the salves for molasses that they brought back to new england to make rum. But this system was never so simple, it was a maze of highly diverse trade routes. It did open up a lot of trade for the colonies allowing then to get enslaved people and the goods they needed.

Question 30

Middle passage

Answer 30

Middle segment of the triangular trade that forced enslaved people from africa to the americas in horrendous condition. It supplied the new world with slaves and led to the deaths of many enslaved people on the voyage.

Question 31

William Bradford (PCE)

Answer 31

Governor of Plymouth. He paid off the colonies debt and helped shape and stabilize the political institutions of the first permanent colony in New England.

Question 32

Great Awakening (arc)

Answer 32

The first major american revival that brought a new spirit of the religious fever to the colonies. It led to the division between new light, leviulists and old light traditionalists. It got people back in to religion.

Question 33

Johnathan edwards

Answer 33

Revivalist preacher in the great awakening who became famous off of his ideas. He believed humans sinned and should ask for forgiveness from god. He terrified his listeners. He helped ignite religious fervor in the great awakening.

Question 34

George Whitefield

Answer 34

He was one of the most popular preacher during the great awakening. He was an evangelist who drew large crowds. He helped get people back in to religion.

Question 35

John Peter Zenger case

Answer 35

He wrote for a paper n New York and was put on trial for attacking a public official in his writing. They ruled that criticisms of the government were not libelous if factually true. It removed some restrictions of freedom of the press.