Core Studies

Question 1

What’s the sample in loftus and palmers second experiment?

Answer 1

150 participants.
University students.
Split into 3 groups of 50.
Opportunity sample.

Question 2

Procedure of loftus and palmers study. (Experiment 1)

Answer 2

Shown 7 film clips which were 5-30 seconds long.
Then asked to fill out questionnaire straight after they were shown the film clips.
Then were asked a critical question changing the verb used (hit, smashed, bumped, collided, contacted) of “how fast was the cars going when they (verb)? “

Question 3

Procedure of loftus and palmers study (experiment 2)

Answer 3

Shown a film clip of a car crash of one clip that was repeated (which was 4 seconds long) for less than a minute.
Asked to complete a questionnaire straight after the film clip.
Then 2 groups were asked a critical question with different verbs (hit, smashed). The other group wasn’t asked at all.
Then were brought back a week later and asked to complete the questionnaire again.
Also were asked another critical question which was “did you see any broken glass?”

Question 4

Results of loftus and Palmer. (Experiment 1)

Answer 4

Actual speed was 20mph.
Average speed estimate - 37.7mph
Highest speed estimate - 40.8mph (smashed verb)
Lowest speed estimate - 31.8mph (contacted verb)

Question 5

Results of loftus and palmers (experiment 2)

Answer 5

Highest speed estimate - 10.46mph (smashed verb)
Lowest speed estimate - 8mph (hit verb) 
7/50 said "yes" in hit verb group
16/50 said "yes" in smashed verb group 
6/50 said "yes" in the no verb group

Question 6

Improvements for loftus and palmers study.

Answer 6

Restricted sample. Widen the age range used. Do this by advertising in a newspaper for more participants. This will improve the representativeness of the sample.
Low in ecological validity. Conduct in a naturalistic environment. By getting an actor to act out a scene in front of them and then asking them to recall what they saw. This would make the ecological validity higher.

Question 7

What’s the sample in loftus and palmers first study?

Answer 7

45 participants
From university campus
Split into 5 groups of 7
Opportunity sample

Question 8

Participants in baron cohens study.

Answer 8

Normal adults: 50 overall, 25 males, 25 females, IQ: above 80, selected randomly.

Tourette’s syndrome: 10 overall, 8 males, 2 females, mean IQ of 103.5, from a referral centre in London.

High functioning autistics: 16 overall, 13 males, 3 females, recruited from a variety of units.

Question 9

Procedure of experimental tasks in baron cohens study.

Answer 9

Eyes task: 25 eyes, standardised to one size, black and white, shown for 3 seconds, have to pick between two mental state terms to describe there emotion. E.g calm and anxious.

Strange stories task: They were told a small strange story which consisted of either sarcasm, white lies or figure of speech and they were asked what it means.

Question 10

Procedure of the control tasks in baron cohens study

Answer 10

Gender recognition task: 25 sets of eyes, standardised to one size, black and white, asked to identify if male or female.

Basic emotion recognition task: given pictures of the whole face, 6 basic emotions were portrayed, asked to pick from 4 terms what emotion they were portraying.

Question 11

Results of the experimental tasks in baron cohens study.

Answer 11

Eyes task: average for autistic group: 16.3, average for normal adults: 20.3 (males did worse than females), average for Tourette’s syndrome: 20.4.

Strange stories task: normal adults and Tourette’s syndrome made no mistakes, autistic group was significantly impaired.

Question 12

Results of the control tasks in baron cohens study.

Answer 12

Gender recognition task: average for autistic group: 24.1, average for Tourette’s syndrome: 23.7, average of normal adults: 23.3.

Basic emotion recognition task: average for autistic: 16.3, average of Tourette’s syndrome: 20.4, average of normal adults : 20.3

Question 13

Improvements to baron cohens study.

Answer 13

Uneven sample numbers - get more participants, by contacting the referral unit for more Tourette’s syndrome adults, so it makes the results more generalisable to Tourette’s syndrome.

Low ecological validity - making more realistic tasks, get a couple of actors to come in and act out an emotion using body language, this will raise the ecological validity of the whole study.

Question 14

The sample in savage rumbaughs study.

Answer 14

2 Pygmy chimpanzees: kanzi, male, born in captivity, 6 months old when they started the study, 4 years old when they finished the study, not taught the english language. Mulika, female, born in captivity, born in 1983.

2 common chimpanzees: Austin and Sherman, 1.5 years and 2.5 years when the study started, 9 and 10 when the Study finished, was taught English language.

Question 15

What were the 4 formal tests in savage rumbaughs study?

Answer 15

Shown a photograph and had to find the right lexigram.

Listened to spoken language and had to pick right lexigram.

Listened to spoken language and had to pick right photograph.

Listened to synthesised language and had to pick right lexigram.

Question 16

What was the outdoor tasks in savage rumbaughs study?

Answer 16

55 acre wood, 17 places were named after foods that were placed in that area, to get the food they wanted they had to go to that place in the woods.

They recorded the utterances of the lexigram by hand and filmed for 4.5 hours.

Question 17

What was the communication system used in this study?

Answer 17

A lexigram keyboard was used, contained geometric symbols, when touched the symbol would light up and be sent to a computer to be analysed.
These were analysed to spontaneous, imitated or structured utterances.

Question 18

What’s the results from savage rumbaughs study?

Answer 18

Kanzi made 2,540 non imitative word combinations, 265 were imitated, he acquired 46 words in total.
Mulika acquired 37 words in total

Question 19

Improvements to savage rumbaughs study.

Answer 19

Small sample, only two chimps studied - get more Pygmy chimpanzees, do this by getting more Pygmy chimpanzees from other English language learning centres. Generalisability is higher.

Only 1 type of chimpanzee was studied, recruit more species of chimpanzees, do this by getting other species of chimpanzees from other captivities. Allows to let us see what species can and can’t understand English language

Question 20

Sample in Samuel and Bryants study.

Answer 20

252 children, even number of boys and girls, from nurseries Credition in Devon, aged between 5 and 8 years old, mean age of groups are 5 years 3 months 6years3months 7years3months 8years3months. There are 3 sub groups they were put into. (Standard condition, one question condition and fixed array condition)

Question 21

What’s are the trails and briefly outline what they are?

Answer 21

Trails 1 and 2 are equal trials, this means that the quantities before and after the transition are the same.

Trails 3 and 4 are unequal trials, this means that the quantities before and after the transition are not the same.

Question 22

What are the 3 conditions and briefly outline the procedure of them.

Answer 22

The standard condition - shown equal amounts of the materials and asked “has this one got more or this one?” Then shown the transformation and then asked again “has this one got more or this one?”
The one question condition - shown equal amounts of the materials, then shown the transformation and asked “has this one got more or this one?”
The fixed array condition - just shown the materials after transformation and asked “has this one got more or this one?”

Question 23

What’s the materials used in this study?

Answer 23

Mass - playdoh
Volume - water in a glass
Number - coins

Question 24

What’s the result of Samuel and Bryants study ?

Answer 24

The older the participant was the more able they were to conserve.
5years3months made on average 8 errors.
8years3months made on average 2 errors.
Made more errors on volume than number - 1.75 difference on average.

Question 25

Improvements to Samuel and Bryants study.

Answer 25

All the children were from Credition, Devon. So get more children from different parts of the UK, by asking other nurseries whether you can conduct your study in there nurseries. Improves the generalisability.

Has low ecological validity. Conduct in a naturalistic environment, by conducting the study in a classroom and using the familiar image rials used. This improves the ecological validity.

Question 26

What percentage went all the way to 450v in milgrams study?

Answer 26

65%

Question 27

How many participants went to 300v in milgrams study?

Answer 27

100% - all 40 participants.

Question 28

What’s the sample in milgrams study?

Answer 28

40 male participants.
All middle class males.
Aged between 20 and 50 years old.
From new haven in America.

Question 29

How did milgram obtain his study?

Answer 29

He advertised for people to take part in a memory test in a newspaper and people would get paid £4.50 an hour.

Question 30

How was the sample obtained in reicher and haslams study?

Answer 30

A newspaper article gave 332 applicants.  332 applicants were then screened by clinical psychologists that assessed them. These then reduce them down to 27. 
Then further sorting of age and social class and ethnic background gave the final 15.

Question 31

What are the three independent variables?

Answer 31

Permeability- day 3 prisoner was promoted to guard, but after that there was no more promotions.
Legitimacy - day 6 they were told there was no difference between prisoners and guards.
Cognitive alternatives - trade union officer comes in as a new prisoner and provides skills for them to become organised and give a group identity.