Core Organic Chemistry Flashcards
What is meant by a “hydrocarbon”
A compound made up of only hydrogen and carbon atoms
Some hydrocarbons are unsaturated, what does this mean
They contain double covalent bonds
Alkanes are a homologous series, what does this mean
A series of compounds in the same functional group whose successive reactions differ by CH
What is the general formula for an alkane
CnH2n+2
Give the structural formula of butane
C4H10
What is determined by the functional group of an organic molecule
The characteristics of their reactions
What is meant by the term aliphatic
A chain of carbons that are open (not rings)
Benzene is a special type of ring structure, what can it be described as
A six carbon ring with a pie cloud
Alkanes are saturated carbons, so contain only _______
carbon-carbon and
_______-hydrogen bonds
Single. Carbon.
What is a carbon chain that contains at least one double covalent bond between carbons
Alkene
Name the following compounds
A) C6H14
B) C3H8
C) C9H20
A) hexane
B) propane
C) nonane
How many carbon atoms make up the following alkanes
A) Butane
B) Methane
C) Octane
A) 4
B) 1
C) 8
What is the name given to a saturated cyclic 6 carbon ring
Cyclohexane
An organic compound has the formula CH3CHO identify its functional group
Aldehyde
What is the functional group of in an alcohol
R-O-H
What is meant by the empirical formula
The ratio of elements in a compound but not the actual number or arrangement
Give the general formula for alkenes
CnH2n
Give the molecular formula for an alkene with 15 carbons
C15H30
Draw the skeletal formula of ethanal
/\/OH
Give the structural formula for heptane
C7H16
What is the name given to isomers with the same molecular formula but a different structure
Structural isomers
What is homolytic fission
Chemical bond dissociation of a molecule where each of the fragments retain one of the originally bonded electrons
What is produced in heterolytic fission
Carbanions (+ve)
Carbocations (-ve)
Curly arrows are used in reaction mechanisms to show _________
Flow of electrons
Alkenes generally undergo what type of reaction
Addition reactions
In some reactions, a functional group is replaced by a different group, what is this type of mechanism
Substitution reaction
When a small molecule is removed from a compound and leaves behind an alkene, what is the type of reaction known as
Elimination reaction
What is the general formula for the alkanes
CnH2n+2
Every carbon in an alliance has four single, covalent bonds, what type of bond are these single covalent bonds
Sigma bonds
What is the approximate bond angle around each carbon atom in an alkane
109.5^o
Why does the boiling point of the alkanes increase with increasing chain length
Longer chains means greater surface area resulting in stronger London forces between molecules, more energy is then needed to seperate molecules
As alkenes become branched, what happens to the boiling points and why
The boiling points decrease because the surface area with the London forces acting between chains decreases
Write a balanced equation for the complete combustion of pentane
C5H12+8O2—>5CO2+6H2O
What products are formed during incomplete combustion
CO and H2O
Poorly maintained household boilers can leak products of incomplete combustion, why does this pose a health hazard
The production of CO is dangerous as carbon monoxide is poisonous
Alkanes can react with halogens such as chlorine to grrat a chloro-alkane, name the mechanism for the type of reaction
Radical Substitution
Name the three stages that take place in radical substitution
1) initiation
2) propagation
3) termination
Using Cl2 as a starting material, describe the conditions required for the initial stage of the free radical substitution reaction
The bond in Cl-Cl is broken by homolytic fission and the electrons are shared between the atoms
Give two equations to show the main stage of the reaction using ethane as the organic molecule
C2H6 Cl• —> CH5• + HCl
CH5• + Cl2 —> CH5Cl + Cl•
The final stages of the reaction involve radicals reacting with radicals, write three equations to show this happening for the reaction between Chlorine and Ethane
Cl• + Cl• —> Cl2
Cl• + CH5• —> CH
