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chemistry a level > core organic chemistry > Flashcards

core organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a homologous series? (2)

A

1) a family of compounds with similar chemical properties
2) whose successive members differ by the addition of a CH2 group

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2
Q

why does carbon form a large number of compounds? (3)

A

1) each carbon atom can form four covalent bonds
2) carbon atoms can bond to other carbon atoms to form long chains
3) bonds can be single, double or triple

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3
Q

what is a saturated hydrocarbon?

A

has single carbon-carbon bonds only

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4
Q

what is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?

A

contains carbon-carbon multiple bonds (double or triple)

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5
Q

why is IUPAC important?

A

chemists across the globe can communicate easily

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6
Q

what 3 groups can hydrocarbons the classified as? (3)

A

1) aliphatic- carbon and hydrogen atoms are joined to each other in unbranched (straight) or branched chains, also includes cyclic organic compounds that do not contain a benzene ring.
2) alicyclic- carbon atoms are joined to each other in ring/ cyclic structures
3) aromatic- some or all of the carbon atoms are found in a benzene ring

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7
Q

what are the three homologous series of aliphatic hydrocarbons? (3)

A

1) alkanes- containing single carbon to carbon bonds
2) alkenes- containing at least one double carbon to carbon bond
3) alkynes - containing at least one triple carbon to carbon bond

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8
Q

what does the stem of the name of a compound indicate?

A

the number of carbon atoms in the longest continuous chain in the molecule

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9
Q

what does the prefix of the name of a compound indicate?

A

indicates the presence of side chains or functional groups

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10
Q

what does the suffix of the name of a compound indicate?

A

indicate functional groups

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11
Q

what steps should you follow when naming alkanes? (5)

A

1) all alkanes have the suffix -ane
2) identify the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms/ parent chain and name it
3) identify any alkyl groups attached to the parent chain. name alkyl group and add as a prefix to the parent chain
4) add numbers before any alkyl groups to show the position of the alkyl groups on the parent chain
5) if there’s more than one, add di/ tri etc before the alkyl group

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12
Q

what is systematic nomenclature?

A

can be used to name organic compounds and therefore make it easier to refer to them

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13
Q

why are the alkanes important for nomenclature?

A

The alkanes provide the basis of the naming system

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14
Q

what are the stems used in naming for alkanes from 1 to 10?

A

1) meth-
2) eth-
3) prop-
4) but-
5) pent-
6) hex-
7) hept-
8) oct-
9) non-
10) dec-

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15
Q

how do you name side chains in alkanes? (3)

A

1) If there are more than one of the same alkyl side-chain or functional groups, di- (for two), tri- (for three) or tetra- (for four) is added in front of its name
2) The adjacent numbers have a comma between them
3) Numbers are separated from words by a hyphen

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16
Q

how do you name multiple side chains in alkanes?

A

If there is more than one type of alkyl side-chain, they are listed in alphabetic order

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17
Q

what is the general formula of alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2 (where n is the number of carbon atoms in the molecule).

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18
Q

how are side chains shown in the structural formula of a compound?

A

in brackets
e.g CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH3

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19
Q

how are side chains named in alkanes?

A

The side-chain is named by adding ‘-yl’ to the normal alkane stem

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20
Q

how do the formula of alkyl groups differ to the alkanes

A

one less hydrogen e.g
methane- CH4
methyl- CH3

21
Q

what is the functional group of alkenes?

A

C=C

22
Q

what is the suffix of all alkenes?

A

-ene

23
Q

what is the general formula of alkenes?

A

CnH2n

24
Q

how do you name alkenes?

A

1) determine the parent chain
2) number the parent chain using the double bond/ the position of the C=C double bond must be stated for alkenes that have four or more carbons in the parent chain
3) identify any substituents/ side groups and number them

25
Q

what is the functional group of alcohols?

A

-OH

26
Q

what is the suffix of all alcohols?

A

-ol

27
Q

what is the prefix of haloalkanes?

A

chloro-
bromo-
iodo-

28
Q

how do you name compounds containing functional groups? (3)

A

1) identify the longest unbranched chain of carbon atoms
2) identify any functional groups and any alkyl side chains and select the appropriate prefixes or suffixes for them
3) number any alkyl groups and functional groups to indicate their position on the longest unbranched chain

29
Q

what is the functional group of haloalkanes?

A

-Cl, -Br, -I

30
Q

what is the functional group of aldehydes?

A

-CHO/ C=O

31
Q

what is the suffix of all aldehydes?

A

-al

32
Q

what is the functional group of ketones?

A

-C(CO)C- /C=O

33
Q

what is the suffix of all ketones?

A

-one

34
Q

what is the functional group of carboxylic acids?

A

-COOH

35
Q

what is the suffix of all carboxylic acids?

A

-oic acid

36
Q

what is the functional group of esters?

A

-COOC-

37
Q

what is the suffix of all esters?

A

-oate

38
Q

what is the functional group of acyl chlorides?

A

-COCl

39
Q

how do you name acyl chlorides?

A

take the name of the parent carboxylic acid and substituting -yl chloride for -ic acid where the acyl chloride substituent takes priority.

40
Q

what is the functional group of amines?

A

-NH2

41
Q

how do you name an organic compound with an amine group?

A

alkyl + suffix -amine

42
Q

what is the functional group of nitriles?

A

-CN

43
Q

how do you name an organic compound with a nitrile group?

A

suffix -nitrile

44
Q

what is general formula?

A

the simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series e.g. for an alkane: CnH2n+2

45
Q

what is structural formula? (2)

A

1) the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule e.g. for butane: CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH3
2) In structural formulae, the carboxyl group will be represented as COOH and the ester group as COO.

46
Q

what is displayed formula?

A

the relative positioning of atoms and the bonds between them

47
Q

what is skeletal formula?

A

the simplified organic formula, shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups

48
Q

what can R be used to represent?

A

alkyl groups or other fragments of organic compounds which aren’t involved in reactions

chemistry a level (6 decks)

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