Core Organic Chemistry Flashcards
What is Avagadros law?
Equal volumes of gasses, at same temperature and pressure , contain the same number of particles
What is room temp and pressure?
1 atmosphere
298 kelvin (25+273)
Equation for gas volume at RTP
Gas volume = moles x molar volume (24dm3)
What is the ideal gas equation ?
Pressure x volume = moles x gas constant x temperature
(pV = nRT)
What is the gas constant ?
8.314J/mol-1
Define relative atomic mass
The weighted mean mass of an atom compared to 1/12 of the mass of carbon 12
Define percentage yield
The amount of product you actually have as a percentage of the amount you theoretically should have
Define atom economy
Mass of product desired as a percentage of the mass of product made
Define structural formula
Smallest amount of detail possible to show arrangement of molecule
Define Homologous
Series of organic compounds having the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2
What is the functional group?
Atoms or atom groups that affect the chemical properties of a organic compound
Define isomerism
Compounds with the same molecular formula are arranged different ways
Define metallic bonding
Electrostatic attraction between metal cations and delocalised electrons
Why doesn’t metal shatter when hit?
Electrons can re-establish bonds in a new structure
Define Saturated compound
Single covalent bonds between carbon satins
Define unsaturated compound
Double covalent bonds between carbon atoms
Define sigma bond
Formed from the overlap of two orbitals in between bonding atoms
Define heterolytic fission
Shared electrons go to just one of the atoms creating ions common in polar bonds
Define homolytic fission
One of the two electrons goes to each atom creating radical atoms they occur in none polar bonds
Define stereoisomerism
Compounds with the same structural formula but different arrangement in space
What is the difference between a cis and trans isomer?
Cis isomer hydrogen atoms are positions on same side of a cyclo alkane
Trans isomer hydrogen atoms are positions on opposite sides of a cyclo alkane
Why does more alkyl groups increase stability
Alkyl group has a greater electron density than hydrogen reducing posotive charge
What is a PI bond
Horizontal Overlap of two P-orbitals each carbon contributes one electron to the pair
What does a pi bond do?
Due to high electron density concentrated above and below the molecule there is no rotation from the molecule
120degree bond angle formed
How are polymers formed
Free radical reactions at high pressure in presence of initiator
What are biodegradable and photodegradable polymers
Bio- broken down by microorganisms
Photo- binds weakened by UV light
What are primary secondary and tertiary alcohols
Primary - OH found at end of chain
Secondary - OH found in the chain
Tertiary - OH attached to carbon with no Hydrogens
Why is boiling point high on alcohols
Alcohols are polar so they have hydrogen bonding in between molecules
Why does Miscibility decrease in alcohol
As carbon chain increases less polar influence from the hydroxyl group
Define structural isomer
Same structural formula but different structural formulae
What happens when alcohol is oxidised at reflux in a h+/k2Cr2O7
Primary - turns into aldehyde
Secondary - turns into keytone
Tertiary- nothing H near carbon
What increases boiling point In haloalkane
Longer carbon chains and larger halogens
What is a nucleophile
Substance that can donate a pair of electrons
