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Chemistry > Core Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Core Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What does nomenclature mean

A

The system used for naming organic compounds

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2
Q

What does the term molecular formula mean

A

The actual number of atoms of different elements in a molecule

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3
Q

Displayed formula

A

Shows every atom and bond in a molecule

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4
Q

Structural formula

A

Arrangement of atoms in a molecule without showing every bond

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5
Q

Skeletal formula

A

Drawn as lines with each vertex being a carbon atom

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6
Q

Homologous series

A

Organic compounds with the same functional group but each successive member differing by CH2

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7
Q

Functional group

A

A group of atoms responsible for characteristic reactions of a compound

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8
Q

Aliphatic hydrocarbon

A

Straight/ branched chained

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9
Q

Alicyclic hydrocarbon

A

Arranged in noon aromatic rings with or without side chains

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10
Q

Aromatic hydrocarbon

A

Contains at least one benzene ring

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11
Q

General formula alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

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12
Q

General formula alkenes

A

CnH2n

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13
Q

General formula alcohols

A

CnH2n+1OH

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14
Q

Structural isomers

A

Same molecular formula but different structural formula

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15
Q

3 ways structural isomers are formed

A

Alkyl groups in different places
Functional groups bonded to different parts
Different functional groups

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16
Q

Stereoisomers

A

Same molecular formula but different arrangement of atoms in space

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17
Q

E-Z isomerism

A

Caused by limited rotation about c=c bonds
If 2 substituents with the highest molecular mass are on the same side of the double bond it’s Z if on different side its E

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18
Q

Cis-trans isomerism

A

Type of E/Z isomerism where the 2 substituents on each carbon atom are the same

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19
Q

Homolytic fission

A

Each bonding atom receives one electron from the bonded pair forming two radicals

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20
Q

Heterolytic fission

A

One bonded atom receives both electrons

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21
Q

Radicals

A

Highly reactive neutral species

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22
Q

What is an alkane

A

Saturated hydrocarbon with only C-H bonds

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23
Q

Shape and angle of an alkane

A

Tetrahedral 109.5°

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24
Q

Describe the sigma bond in alkanes

A

Covalent bond with direct overlap of the electron clouds of the bonded atoms

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25
Q

Intermolecular forces alkanes have

A

London forces- the bonds are non polar

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26
Q

Boiling point as alkane chain length increases

A

Increases as there is more surface area and so more London forces so more energy needed to overcome the attraction

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27
Q

Branched molecules boiling points

A

Lower boiling point than straight b as fewer surface area so less London forces

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28
Q

Are alkanes soluble in water

A

Insoluble

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29
Q

How reactive are alkanes

A

Very unreactive

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30
Q

Product of complete combustion of alkanes

A

CO2 +H2O

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31
Q

How are halogenoalkanes formed

A

Radical substitution

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32
Q

What is required for alkanes to ready with halogens

A

UV light

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33
Q

Three stages of radical substitution

A

Initiation- breaking halogen bond
Propagation-products are formed but radicals remain
Termination- free radicals removed, stable products formed

34
Q

What are alkenes

A

Unsaturated hydrocarbons containing at least 1 c=c bond

35
Q

How is a pi bond formed

A

Electrons in adjacent p orbitals overlap above and below carbon atoms

36
Q

Angle and shape of a double bond

A

Trigonal planar 120°

37
Q

Alkenes more or less reactive than alkanes

A

More due to high electron density of double bond and pi bond is slightly easier to break

38
Q

What is an electrophile

A

Species that are electron pair acceptors

39
Q

Major products will be formed from which kinds of carbocations

A

Tertiary(or most stable available)

40
Q

Conditions for electrophilic addition of water to an alkene

A

Steam in presence of acid catalyst reaction is called hydration

41
Q

Products of hydration reaction

A

An alcohol

42
Q

Conditions for electrophilic addition of a hydrogenhalide to an alkene

A

Hydrogen halide gases must be at room temperature

43
Q

Reaction name when a halogen is added to an alkene

A

Halogenation

44
Q

How can an alkene be converted into an alkane

A

Alkene+hydrogen= alkane
Hydrogenation
150°c nickel catalyst

45
Q

What is an addition polymer

A

Many monomers bonded together via rearrangement of bonds without the loss of any atom or molecule

46
Q

Ways plastics can be disposed

A

Landfill
Combustion
Electricity generation
Reuse
Recycle
Organic feedstock

47
Q

Functional group in an alcohol

A

Hydroxyl group OH

48
Q

Intermolecular forces alcohols have

A

Hydrogen bonding because of the electronegativity difference in the OH bond

49
Q

Alcohols boiling points

A

Higher than alkanes because of hydrogen bonding

50
Q

Are alcohols soluble

A

Soluble when short chain but not in long chain

51
Q

What makes an alcohol primary

A

The carbon the OH is bonded to is only bonded to one other carbon atom

51
Q

What makes an alcohol primary

A

The carbon the OH is bonded to is only bonded to one other carbon atom

52
Q

What forms if you partially oxidise a primary alcohol

A

An aldehyde

53
Q

Conditions to make an aldehyde

A

Dilute sulphuric acid, potassium dichromate distill product gentle heating

54
Q

Full oxidation of a primary alcohol

A

Carboxylic acid

55
Q

Conditions to make a carboxylic acid

A

Concentrated sulphuric acid, potassium dichromate, reflux,strong heating

56
Q

Oxidation of a secondary alcohol

A

Ketone

57
Q

Conditions to make a ketone

A

Concentrated sulphuric acid, potassium dichromate, strong heating

58
Q

What is a dehydration reation

A

A reaction where water is lost to form an organic compound

59
Q

Products of a dehydration reaction (alcohol)

A

Alkene and water

60
Q

Conditions dehydration reaction (alcohol)

A

Conc sulphuric acid/phosphoric and and 170°c

61
Q

Products halide substitution reaction (alcohol)

A

Haloalkene and water

62
Q

What are haloalkanes

A

Saturated organic compounds containing at least one halogen atom

63
Q

Intermolecular forces (haloalkanes)

A

Permanent dipole-dipole and London forces

64
Q

Most important factor in determining halogen reactivity

A

The strength of carbon halogen bond

65
Q

Define nucleophile

A

Electrons pair donor

66
Q

Nucleophillic substitution

A

Nucleophile donates a lone pair to a slightly positive carbon atom and the nucleophile replaces the slightly negative atom

67
Q

What is hydrolysis

A

A reaction where water is a reactant

68
Q

What are CFC’s

A

Chlorine-flouro-carbons

69
Q

Problem with CFC’s

A

Catalyse the breakdown of ozone via free radical substitution

70
Q

What happens when a molecule absorbs infrared radiation

A

Makes covalent bond vibrate/ Stretching or bending motion

71
Q

Factors affecting amount of vibration of a bond

A

Bond strength
Bind length
Mass of each atom in the bond

72
Q

How does infrared spectroscopy work

A

Every bond has a unique vibration frequency
Bonds absorb radiation of the same frequency as them
Infrared radiation emergency from a sample is missing the frequencies that have been absorbed

73
Q

What do the peaks on an IR spectrum represent

A

Absorbance of energy from the infrared radiation

74
Q

Symbol of molecular ion

A

M+

75
Q

Is fragmentation predictable

A

No because it can happen anywhere

76
Q

In mass spectrometry how is a molecular ion represented

A

The peak with the highest mass/charge ratio

77
Q

The molecular mass of the molecular ion is equal to what

A

The relative molecular mass of the compound

78
Q

M/Z value of CH3

A

15

79
Q

M/Z value of OH

A

17

80
Q

Advantages of using mass spectrometry

A

Cheap
Small samples required

81
Q

Disadvantage of mass spectrometry

A

Sample is completely destroyed

Chemistry (3 decks)

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