Core Ideas Of Liberalism Flashcards
What did john Stuart mill argue in relation to individual freedom ?
Developmental freedom
Who is egotistical individualism associated with ?
Classical liberals
What do Morden liberals have a greater focus on ?
Development individualism
What did Thomas hill green argue for ?
Individuals are free when thy rise above narrow self- interest
What is liberalism view of human nature ?
Humankind is imperfect and flawed
How did Locke argue against a might state?
Argued that humankind are naturally free, equal and independent
What did Hobbes argue ?
Mighty state
Define original sin ?
Christian doctrine that every person is born sinful with the urge to disobey God
How can disputes between individuals be solved ?
Rational discussion
What leads to happiness in the view of liberals ?
Self interest
What were later liberals challenges to egotistical individualism?
Too optimistic and simplistic
What did both green and Friday argue in relation to securing happiness ?
State need to intervene to tackle in equality
According to Friedan what cause gender inequality?
Human nature begin left unchecked by the state
What did Rawls argue in relation to human nature ?
Capacity for toleration and mutual respect
Define toleration ?
The virtue of not using ones power to interfere with another’s opinion or action over something morally important
What is the role of the state according to early liberals ?
Ensure that natural rights and laws of natural society are safeguarded so the individual can f;ourish
Why is consent important in relation to the state ?
Social contract theory
How is consent gained ?
Consent to state while it protects those rights better than in the state of nature
Hoe did mill develop on Locke ideas ?
Mill suggested that government must only intervene where it is necessary to protect the liberties and freedom of individual
Define meritocracy?
Social position and economic reward are based on talent and hard work, where there is equality of opportunity , their is an incentive to work hard and realise your talents
Why is equality important to liberals ?
To achieve happiness
What are morden liberals more positive about in relation to the state ?
Ability to improve peoples live and see and expanded role for the state in helping people to help themselves
How did Rawls take the role of the state further ?
Increased taxation and public spending
What are the four feature of limited government ?
Constitutionalism
Fragment government
Formal equality
Rule of law
Define fragmented government?
Ensure the dispersal of power rather than its concentration in the hands of one person
Define formal equality ?
All individual are entitled to the same legal rights and same political rights
Define constitutionalism ?
Contrast between the government and the people it clearly lays out the rule of procedures which the government must act by and enshrines the natural rights of the citizens
What underpins liberals views on society ?
Optimistic view on human nature
What form of society would exist in the state of nature ?
Natural society
What is the natural society built upon ?
Natural rights such as life, liberty and possession
What criticism did Wollstonecraft have of society
Failure to recognise the rights of women
What did mill argue was the main aims of society ?
Promote individualism
What did Locke argue in the a letter concerning toleration ?
Religion was a private matter and so should be left out
How did mill take locke’s ideas furthers ?
Saw toleration and diversity as key ingredients of a vibrant, progressive society
Ftrom the 20th century liberal have championed whose rights ?
Minority groups e.g race, religion, gender and sexual orientation
What did Friedan argue the state had to take ?
Proactive role
What underpins liberalism approach to the economy ?
Belief right to property
How does the free market help the individual to make rational choices ?
Buying and selling labour, how to save, invest or spend their money
Define free marker ?
An economic system in which price are determined by an un - restricted competition between privately owned business
What is the invisible hand ?
Guided individuals to make rational choices
Who wrote the wealth of nations in 1776 ?
Adam smith
What is liberals optimistic view of the market ?
Market guiding individuals to economic success
What did green see capitalism as creating ?
Social and economic obstacle
What theory did modern liberals support ?
Keynesian
Where do liberals agree in relation to human nature ?
Individual as morally equal, independent and rational, desiring to pursue their version of the good life
What do classical liberals believe in relation to human nature ?
Individual develop best when left free to pursue their own happiness
What do modern liberals believe in relation to human nature ?
Rationalism need to be developed and that individualism is more a reflection of what humankind can become especially in education
What did green argue in relation to human nature ?
Freedom is achieved by working towards common good
Where do liberal agree in relation to the state ?
State should be limited by constitutionalism
What do classical liberal believe in relation to the state ?
State should have a night watchman role, justified by the concept of negative freedom and with intervention only justified to prevent a actions that are harmful to others
What do modern liberals believe in relation to the state ?
Enabling state where intervention should be far greater in order to enable people to be free to pursue their own individuality in line with the concept of positive freedom
Where do liberal agree in relation to society ?
Individualism and freedom and that society should be arranged to allow the individual to flourish
What do classical liberals believe in relation to the society ?
Individuals are self seeking and independent but constraint by their rational nature which leads them to respect the rights of other so that their own rights are respected in turn
What do modern liberals believe in relation to the society ?
Based around free markers capitalism as restricting the ability of individuals to be free, this leads to support for social justice, where poverty and inequalities as well as any discrimination based on identity are tackled by the state to ensure positive freedom
Where do liberals agree in relation to the economy ?
The right to property and advocate an economy based on private property
What are the key areas off tension in relation to the economy
Free trade vs tools of tax and government spending
