Core (｡ì _ í｡) Flashcards
What do roots absorb?
Water and minerals
What do small intestine absorb?
Digested food, water soluble and lipid soluble substances
What adaptation of roots increase surface area?
Root is highly branched and there’s numerous root hairs
Which adaptation of small intestine increase its surface area?
Highly folded and it contains villi, microvilli epithelial cells
What other adaptation of roots for absorption
Roots are long and fine—>easily grow into soil particles—>absorb water and mineral around them easily
Root is not covered by cuticle, covered by one layer thin-walled cells—>water and minerals can easily pass through the epidermis
Root hair cells have a lot mitochondria—> enough energy for active transport
Other adaptation of small intestine for absorption
Small intestine is long—>allow sufficient time for absorption
Epithelium is one cell thick—>short diffusion distance
Lacteal and capillaries allow absorbed food molecules to be carried away rapidly—> maintain steep concentration gradient to increase diffusion rate
Peristalsis brings digested food molecules into close contact with villi for absorption—>maintain steep concentration gradient—>increase rate of diffusion
Which cells contain many mitochondria?
Epithelial cell and root hair cell
System of human and plants
Human: circulatory and lymphatic
Plants: xylem and phloem
Xylem contain what
Hollow tubes
Phloem contain what
Companion cell and sieve tube
What is the difference between human vessels and plants vessel?
Blood vessels and lymphatic vessels are living cells
Xylem is dead cell
Phloem is living cell
Difference between lumens of vessel of humans and plants
Human: extracellular(vessels surrounded by cells)
Plants: intracellular(vessels within the cells)
Why diameter of vessels can be adjusted in human?
Arteries are elastic, so it can recoil and distend
Veins can be distended
Xylem in plants is ?
Diameter of vessels are?
Xylem is rigid which provides support to plants and diameter of vessels are fixed
Valves present in?
Veins and lymph vessel
Sieve tubes present in?
Phloem
Plants don’t have specific organ generate driving force but hv wat?
Transpiration pull
Features of arteries
- Thick walls allow arteries to withstand high blood pressure
- Elastic tissues allow them to recoil and distend and hence maintain a continuous blood flow
- Thick layer of muscle contract or relax to change the size of lumen which helps regulate amount of blood flow
Features of veins
Large lumen reduces resistance to blood flow
Valves present to prevent back flow of blood
Force of blood flow is provided by contraction of skeletal muscle
Name the vessel connects small intestine and the liver
Hepatic portal vein
Name the vessel connects liver and the inferior vena cava
Hepatic vein
Which blood vessel carries blood with highest urea content
Hepatic vein
Which blood vessel carries blood with the highest oxygen content
Pulmonary veins
What components is absent in tissue fluid?
Red blood cells, blood platelets and plasma proteins
Why we need to cut leafy shoot under water?
Prevent air bubbles entering the xylem vessels and block water uptake
Two ways of measuring the rate of transpiration
Bubble potometer and weight potometer
3 main structure in seed
Plumule (develop into leave and stem)
Radicle(develop into root)
Cotyledon(provide enough food for plumule and radicle)
Which cell responsible for black and white vision?
Rod cells
Response when bright light entering the eye
Circular muscle contract
Radial muscle relax
Pupil constriction
Prevent overstimulation of photoreceptors
Response when eyes are watching near object
Ciliary muscles contract
Suspensory ligament slackens
Lens become thicker and refracts more light
Outer part of both medulla oblongata and spinal cord are wat matter . How about inside?
White matter
Grey matter
出白入灰
Regulation of blood glucose level
Chemoreceptors in the pancreas detect an increase in blood glucose level
It secretes more insulin and less glucagon
Insulin stimulates the liver cells and body cells to covert glucose into glycogen
Stimulates body cells to consume more glucose for respiration
Stimulates liver cells to take up more glucose from the blood
Blood glucose level falls to normal level
5 interaction in ecosystem
Predation (+/-) (eat others: predator;eaten by others:prey)
-population of the predator is always lagging behind that of the prey)
Competition (-/-)
-interspecific (different species)
-intraspecific (same species)
Commensalism (+/0)
Mutualism (+/+)
Parasitism (+/-)
(Organism which benefits called parasite; organism being harmed is the host)
Name the treatment of coronary heart disease
Angioplasty (ballon with a metal mesh flattens the plaques)
Coronary bypass surgery(creates new route for blood)
Adaptive features in air sacs for gases exchange
- Moist inner surface—>allow oxygen dissolve in the water film before diffusion
- Numerous/large in number—>increase surface area
- Thin walls&one cell thick&close contact with capillaries—>reduces diffusion distance for gas exchange
- Rich supply of capillaries—>allow rapid transport of gases and maintain steep concentration gradient
Adaptive features of gas exchange in leaves of terrestrial plants
- Leaves are thin—>shortens the diffusion distance
- Broad and flat&numerous leaves&spongy mesophyll loosely packed—>provide large surface area
- Stomata present—>allow gases to move into or out freely
- Guard cells—>allow rate of gas exchange to be regulated
- Water film on mesophyll cells—>allow gases to dissolve and diffuse into or out
- Numerous air spaces among spongy mesophyll cells—>allow gases to diffuse freely
Adaptive feature of red blood cells
- No nucleus when mature—>Hold more haemoglobin
- Packed with haemoglobin—> increase oxygen-carrying capacity
- Biconcave disc shape—>provide large surface area and short distance for diffusion of oxygen
Inhalation
- Intercostal muscle contract, rib cage moves upwards and outwards
- Diaphragm muscle contract, diaphragm becomes flattened
- Volume of thoracic cavity increase, lungs volume increase
- Air pressure in lung decrease
- Air rushes in
Exhalation
- Intercostal muscle relax, rib cage move downward and inward
- Diaphragm muscle relax, diaphragm returns in its dome shape
- Volume of thoracic cavity decrease, lung volume also decrease
- Air pressure in lungs increase
- Air is forced out
Where do photochemical reaction occur?
In thylakoids
Where do carbon fixation occur?
In stroma
What do photophosphorylation make?
ADP+P=ATP (energy carrier)
What do photolysis of water make?
- H+NADP=NADPH
- Oxygen (by-product)
Major 3 step involve in carbon fixation
Carbon dioxide fixation
3-C compound reduction (after reduction will create triose phosphate and then glucose)
Regeneration of CO2 acceptor(5-C compound)
Stages involve in mitotic cell division
Interphase
(DNA replication and chromosome isn’t visible)
Prophase
Metaphase (chromosome line up in the equator —> spindle fibres attach to the chromosome)
Anaphase (sister chromatids separate and move to the opposite pole)
Telophase (new nuclear membrane is formed)
Cytokinesis
Linnaeus’ system
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Name the 3 domain 6 kingdom
Domain: bacteria ; kingdom: eubacteria
Domain: archaea ; kingdom: archaebacteria
Domain: eukarya ; kingdom: Protista, plantae, animalia, fungi
Name two hinge joint and ball and socket joint
Hinge joint: elbow and knee joint
Ball and socket joint: shoulder and hip joint
What is the difference between ligament and tendon?
Ligament join two bones while tendon join muscle and bone
Ligament avoid dislocation of bones and tendon transmit pulling force of contracting muscle to bones
Ligament is flexible and elastic while tendon is tough and inelastic
Transmission of nerve impulses across a synapse
A nerve impulse arrives, stimulating the synaptic knob.
Neurotransmitter are released from the synaptic vesicle.
Neurotransmitter diffuse across the synaptic cleft.
It binds to receptor sites on the dendron.
The dendron is stimulated to generate nerve impulse.
Where do mitotic cell division and meiotic cell division occur?
Somatic cells and gamete producing cells
Why maternal and embryonic blood need to be separated?
Avoid clumping of blood (incompatible)
Prevent high blood pressure of maternal blood damage embryonic blood vessels
Prevent entry of toxins e.g. alcohol, nicotine
What do saliva contain?
Salivary amylase (starch —> maltose)
Water
Mucus
What substance do gastric juice contain?
Pepsin (protein—>peptides)
Hydrochloric acid
Mucus
Where is bile produced and where it stored? What it contains?
Produced by liver
Stored in gall bladder
Bile salts (carry out emulsification to increase surface area for the action of the lipase)
Bile pigments (break down haemoglobin)
Sodium hydrogencarbonate
What do pancreatic juice contain?
Pancreatic amylase (starch —> maltose)
Pancreatic lipase (lipids—>fatty acid+glycerol)
Proteases(proteins—>peptides—> amino acids)
Sodium hydrogencarbonate
What enzyme do epithelium contain?
Carbohydrases(maltose—>glucose)(sucrose—> glucose+fructose)(lactose—> glucose+galactose)
Proteases(peptides—>amino acids)
What do both lymph and tissue fluid contain?
Water
minerals
Sugars
Lipids
Hormones
White blood cell
⭐️ No red blood cell, blood platelets, plasma protein. They are too large to pass through the capillary walls.
Describe the inflammatory response
- Arterioles (x capillaries) dilate
- Increase blood flow —> redness+hotness
- Increase permeability of capillaries —> more tissue fluid accumulates —> swelling+pain
- More phagocytes engulf and digest the pathogens
Pus formed which consists remains of killed pathogens and worn-out phagocytes
What is B cells responsible for?
Production of antibodies
What is responsible for the formation of blood clot?
Blood platelets and plasma protein fibrinogen(soluble)which turn into fibrin(insoluble)
Functions of white blood cells
Engulfing pathogens (phagocytosis)
B cells (lymphocytes) produce antibodies
What is the food test of glucose and what is the positive result
Glucose test paper
Pink—>purple
What is the food test of reducing sugar and what is the positive result
Benedict’s test
Blue —> brick red precipitate
What is the food test of starch and what is the positive result
Iodine test
Brown—>blue-black
What is the food test of protein and what is the positive result
Albustix paper/protein test paper
Yellow—>green
What is the food test of vitamin C and what is the positive result
DCPIP test
Blue—>colourless
越少滴越多vitamin C
What is the food test of lipid and what is the positive result
Grease spot test
Filter paper leaves translucent spot
The three important part of teeth
Enamel (non-living, Xrespiration, made calcium salts, the hardest tissue)
Dentine (large amount of calcium salts, living)
Pulp cavity (contain blood vessels and nerve fibres)
What are the dental formula of milk teeth and permanent teeth
Milk teeth 2102; total 20
Permanent teeth 2123; total 32
What is the 4 types of teeth (not include wisdom teeth)
Incisor (i)
Canine (c)
Premolar (p)
Molar (m)
Tissue fluid entered the lymphatic system will travel back to circulatory system in _____?
Vena cava
What is the function of eardrum, ear bone, oval window and cochlea?
Convert sound waves to sound vibrations
Amplify and transmit vibrations
Transmit vibrations
Contain sensory hair cells to detect vibrations
Which structure in the ear aren’t responsible for hearing and what is their function?
Semicircular canal which detect head movement
Eustachian tube which equalises pressure between the middle ear and the atmosphere
Round window which releases fluid pressure
