Core final Flashcards
0
Q
Who wrote Nicomachean Ethics?
A
Aristotle
1
Q
Who wrote “The Myth of Sisyphus”
A
Albert Camus
2
Q
Who wrote “No Exit”?
A
Jean-Paul Sartre
3
Q
Who wrote Origin of Species?
A
Charles Darwin
4
Q
Who wrote Social Contract?
A
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
5
Q
Who wrote Who Are We?
A
Louis P. Pojman
6
Q
Who wrote the Communist Manifesto?
A
Karl Marx
7
Q
Who wrote The Critique of Pure Reason?
A
Immanuel Kant
8
Q
Who wrote The Interpretation of Dreams?
A
Sigmund Freud
9
Q
Who wrote the Leviathan?
A
Thomas Hobbes
10
Q
Who wrote Lord of the Flies?
A
William Golding
11
Q
- Born in 1809 to a wealthy family
- Interested in nature
- Studied medicine
A
Charles Darwin
12
Q
True/False
The idea of evolution was completely new in Darwin’s time
A
False
13
Q
-The fossil record
-embryonic replication
-vestigial organ
-biochemical characteristics
Are all evidence for…
A
Darwinian evolutionist
14
Q
-Imperialism
-Laissez-faire economics
-Neglect of the poor
-Racism
-Eugenics
Are all used to justify what….
A
Darwinian sociology
15
Q
True or False
This is the basic idea: humanity gradually evolved over time by natural selection through chance (through genetic mutation) and necessity from less developed life forms. While individual points of evolutionary theory are challenged and the exact formulations qualified, the idea/edifice as a whole has withstood the assaults of criticism for nearly 150 years
A
True
16
Q
For a pleated a dynamic psychology that transforms energy within the personality of what is this called
A
Psychoanalysis
17
Q
True/False
According to Freud free will is an allusion
A
True
18
Q
The name of Freud’s theory is
A
Pansexuality
19
Q
What revolution did Freud inaugurate?
A
The sexual revolution
20
Q
3 Components to Freud’s idea of personality
A
1) Id
2) Ego
3) Super Ego
21
Q
True/False
Darwin was excited to publish his findings especially because he enjoyed shaking of the religious faith in people
A
False
22
Q
Who was Alfred Russell Wallace?
A
Reinforced Darwin’s natural selection theory
23
Q
True/False
Darwin was able to confirm his theory of natural selection by experimenting on monkeys and crocodiles in the Galapagos Islands
A
False
24
What are the four tenets to Naturalist evolutionary theory, which are either questioned or rejected by creationists?
1) The ancient earth thesis
2) The common ancestry theory
3) The progression thesis
4) The naturalistic selection thesis
25
Which thesis believes...
- Universe is approximately 15 billion years old
- Works with Earth age
- Does not work with biblical scholars
The ancient earth thesis
26
What theory...
- Life from non-living matter
- Evolution over time
- Non-living isn't possible
The common ancestry theory
27
1588-1679 A.D.
Thomas Hobbs
28
1712-1778
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
29
1724-1804
Immanuel Kant
30
1818-1883
Karl Marx
31
1856-1939
Sigmund Freud
32
1905-1980
Jean-Paul Sartre
33
1813-1855
Soren Kierkegaard
34
1844-1900
Friedrich Nietzsche
35
1809-1882
Charles Darwin
36
1935-2005
Louis Pojman
37
Put the philosophers in chronological order
Socrates, Plato, Augustine, Hobbs, Rousseau, Kant, Darwin, Kierkegaard, Marx, Nietzsche, Freud, Sartre, Pojman
38
469-399 B.C.
Socrates
39
427-327 B.C.
Plato
40
354-430 C.E.
St. Augustine
41
Deontology, categorical imperative
normative ethical position that judges the morality of an action based on the action's adherence to a rule or rules
42
a priori
knowledge or justification is independent of experience
43
a posteriori
knowledge or justification is dependent on experience or empirical evidence
44
free will vs. determinism
free will is the ability of agents to make choices unimpeded by certain prevailing factors. determinism the philosophical position that for every event, including human action, there exist conditions that could cause no other event.
45
Anguish
severe mental or physical pain or suffering.
46
"Existence precedes essence."
Sartre's philosophy, we exist first and then we do things that define ourselves and live our lives in whatever way we choose
47
Natural Selection
the gradual process by which biological traits become either more or less common in a population as a function of the effect of inherited traits on the differential reproductive success of organisms interacting with their environment
48
Categorical vs. hypotheical imperatives
categorical imperatives is the central philosophical concept in the deontological moral philosophy of Immanuel Kant. Hypothetical imperatives. hypothetical imperatives are the rules of skill and the counsels of prudence. The rules of skill are conditional and are specific to each and every person to which the skill is mandated by.
49
Existentialism
a philosophical theory or approach that emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will.
50
"noble savage"
an idealized concept of uncivilized man, who symbolizes the innate goodness of one not exposed to the corrupting influences of civilization.
51
Bourgeoisie
the middle class, typically with reference to its perceived materialistic values or conventional attitudes.
52
Proletariat
workers or working-class people, regarded collectively
53
Bourgeoisie vs Proletariat
Bourgeosisie is the upper class. Proletariat is the working lower class
54
Eugenics
is the belief and practice of improving the genetic quality of the human population.
55
The mind vs. the brain vs. the body
mind with the consciousness and self-awareness of itself, with an ability to distinguish itself from the brain, but still called the brain the seat of intelligence.
56
Liberal
believe in government action to achieve equal opportunity and equality for all. It is the duty of the government to alleviate social ills and to protect civil liberties and individual and human rights. Believe the role of the government should be to guarantee that no one is in need. Liberal policies generally emphasize the need for the government to solve problems.
57
Ego
the decision making component of personality
58
Superego
the values and morals of society which are learned from one's parents and others. It develops around the age of 3 – 5 during the phallic stage of psychosexual development.
59
Conservative
believe in personal responsibility, limited government, free markets, individual liberty, traditional American values and a strong national defense. Believe the role of government should be to provide people the freedom necessary to pursue their own goals. Conservative policies generally emphasize empowerment of the individual to solve problems.
60
Liberal
believe in government action to achieve equal opportunity and equality for all. It is the duty of the government to alleviate social ills and to protect civil liberties and individual and human rights. Believe the role of the government should be to guarantee that no one is in need. Liberal policies generally emphasize the need for the government to solve problems.
61
Freud began to specialize in treatment of ______ disorders
nevous
62
Freud spent most of his life in______
Vienna
63
What famous book was written in 1859?
Origin of Species
64
Freud received his _____ degree from University of Vienna
Medical
65
Freud began to specialize in treatment of ______ disorders
nevous
66
What thesis...
- goes from simple to complex
- Explains science
- Doesn't account for time
The progression thesis
67
Which thesis....
- Genetic replicating mutations
- Explains differentiation
- Discredit religion
The naturalistic selection thesis
68
True/False
Darwin places a great deal of weight on our biological origins as determining or at least significantly influencing who and what we are.
True
69
Darwinian thought leads to conclusion that there is no freedom of the _________
Will
70
Darwinian thought was supplemented by Herbert Spencer's notion of the survival of the______. Which in turn was used to justify ______-______ economics.
Fittest
Lassiez-faire
71
Natures way was ruthless capitalism of the weak by the strong, we ought to condone exploitation of weaker people by stronger, smarter one
Social Darwinism
72
What did Darwin think was the driving force of personal and social existence instead of existential choice?
Natural selection
73
Who is the foremost defender of sociobiology?
Richard Dawkins
74
Which of Dawkins books puts forth the thesis that it is the gene not the individual or group that is the primary unit of natural selection?
The Selfish Gene
75
True/False
Dawkins thought that the individual functioned as the vehicle fort passing on the gene, the individuals live and die but the gene carries on indefinitely.
True
76
What are the three types of bird that Darwin talks about?
1) Suckers
2) Cheaters
3) Grudgers
77
This bird is non prejudiced
Suckers
78
Which bird is no prejudiced
Cheaters
79
Which bird gives and is the receiver
Grudgers
80
Who was the main influencer of Marx's views?
Friedrich Ingles
81
True/false
Karl Marx was atheist
True
82
What was Mark's most famous writing
The Communist manifesto
83
According to Pojman the attraction of Marxism is that appeals to a set of simple...
Theses
84
What are the 10 Marxist theses
1) materialist determinism
2) Organicism
3) class struggle
4) The pivotal role of capitalism
5) Value Theory
6) Alienation
7) Oppression
8) Revolution
9) Dictatorship
10) Communism
85
WhichMarxist theses says that the laws of economics are fixed to bring about the victory of communism over economic laws
Materialist determinism
86
Which Marxist theses says that individuality is subordinate (less important) organic whole or in other words in terms of community "the greater good" is what is important
Organicism
87
Which Marxist theses is where people identify primarily with their socioeconomic class more than gender, or race, and each class is antagonistic toward the others
Class struggle
88
Which Marxist thesis says that on the one hand capitalism breaks the feudal hold over humanity liberating it from the tear any of the mid evil feudal system freeing the bourgeoisie and the serf on the manor. It creates the possibility of surplus where on the other hand and it enslaves people again as wage-slaves to industry in a system of exploitation
The pivotal role of capitalism
89
Which Marxist thesis says (proletariat) creates value for the catalyst for the catalyst does not reciprocate.
Value theory
90
Which Marxist thesis says that unlike in rural and hunter gatherer societies work and industrial society is fragmented and meaningless
Alienation
91
Which Marxist thesis says that in Marxist labor theory of value capitalism exploits workers by not giving them full value of their labor
Oppression
92
Which Marxist thesis says that workers of the world unite. Unfortunately this will necessitate violence not because the cartoonist desire violence that because the capitalist rulers will not relinquish power voluntarily and peacefully
Revolution
93
Which marxist thesis says there will be a short-lived socialist dictatorship of the proletariat necessary during the transition to communism
Dictatorship
94
Which Marxist thesis says soon oppressive capitalist institutions, classes and inequalities will be abolished in a reign of peace and prosperity will ensue in which private greed will disappear since the causes of crime and greed – scarcity, private property and oppression will be exterminated
Communism
95
Why does Mark say "religion is the opiate of the people"
Because religion gives a false feeling much like a drug
96
Freud argues the ______ are a form of _____ fulfillment
dreams, wish
97
in the 1980's, freud began to analyze himself, examining his dreams; based on this experience, he wrote his first book, the Interpretation of________
dreams
98
Freud's theory expressed in his essays on sexuality earned his theory the label of ________
Pansexuality
99
"Everything in life is caused by our sexual ______"
Instincts
100
Freud had many psychological disciples including _________ and _________
Carl Jung and Alfred Adler
101
Freud was generally ________ about humanity
Pessimistic
102
"I have found little that is ______ about human beings on the whole. In my experience, most of them are _____" Freud
Good, trash
103
Following WW1, _________ became the rage of the west, its influence being felt in spheres as diverse as literature, drama, art, and _____ to morality, education, and the ______ sciences.
Psychoanalysis, religion, social
104
In the 1920's, Freud further developed his theory of personality, calling it the trinity of ego, id, and ______
Superego
105
In traditional Christianity, a person is made up of three components: body, soul, and ______
Spirit
106
For Freud, those three components (body, soul, spirit) are _____, ______, and _________
Ego, Id, and Superego
107
What is the Id?
Powerful blind force within us which drives our conscious behavior
108
What is Ego?
a person's sense of self-esteem or self-importance.
109
What is Superego?
the legislative branch of the personality, the center of morality and law.
110
Freud emphasized, the ______ ______ is the most powerful drive in humans
Sex drive
111
Freud would say that we only know that we know a little of what we know; he holds an "iceberg model of ________"
Consciousness
112
The ______ always seek to maximize _______ and minimize pain.
Unconscious, Pain
113
Psychotherapy, the prescriptive element of ________, aims at delving into the ________
Psychoanalysis, Unconscious
114
Freud believed that the _______ must become the surrogate problematic ________ with whom the patient has had an arrested relationship
Therapist, Parent
115
The patient transfers, or _______, the emotions toward the parent to the therapist and reenacts the childhood urges which now are invested on the new object, the therapist.
Projects
116
In this way, feelings long _____ can be ventilated, and a _____ can take place
repressed, catharsis
117
______ therapy was freud's favorite mode of analysis, kind of therapy.
Dream
118
What is Manifest Content
what the dreamer remembers of the dream
119
What is Latent Content
hidden content, which gives the dream its meaning
120
Guilt is the result of Human _______ in a civilized society, according to Freud's theories.
Socialization
121
- Dialectical Materialism
- Communist Utopia
- Latest form of class inequality was capitalism, which would be replaced by communism
- Religion is irrational, degrading, and hypocritical
Marx
122
- Unconscious, conscious, preconscious
- Eros, Thanatos
- Sexual Drive is most dominant force
- Id, Ego, Superego
Freud
123
- Reincarnation and karma
- We are driven by desires and cravings
- Caste System
- Salvation is obtained through yoga and morality
Hindu
124
- Secular Relativists
- Pragmatists
- Made education into a business
- Conventional and subjective relativists
Greek tradition/Sophists
125
- Free will is dominant feature
- Predestination
- We sin not because we enjoy the sin but simply enjoy sinning
- Highest form of existence is love
- Can use violence but not out of hate
Augustine
126
- Natural Selection
- Humans are result of genetic material
- Man rose to height of organic scale
- Sociobiology
Darwin
127
- A Priori knowledge of God
- Psychological Egoism
- Desire is root of everything
- Knowledge is power
- Power is everything
- Did not support free will
- Absolutism
- Social Contract
Hobbes
128
- Humans are concerned with own happiness and don't like seeing suffering
- "idealist who wants to find innate goodness within all"
Rousseau
129
FILL IN OWN ANSWER
Utilitarian
130
- Nirvana
| - Precepts
Buddhist
131
-Sunnis, Shi'as, Sufis
Islamic
132
FILL IN OWN ANSWER
Judeo/Christian
133
- Consciousness vs. Unconsciousness
- Existence precedes essence
- Must create our own nature
- Nothingness:world is full of possibilities
- Decide for ourselves the meaning of our existence
Existentialist
134
FILL IN OWN ANSWER
Determinist
135
- Epistimology
- Rationalism
- Empiricism
- Nomenal and Phenomenal world
- Difference between right and wrong is consequences: The end justifies the means
Kant
136
- Goodness is the highest form
| - Eros is selfish
Plato
137
What is meant by the phrase "Kant's Copernican Revolution"
a revolution that completely reversed our orientation to reality in a manner analogous to the great Copernican revolution in 1543
138
What did John Locke/empiricists believe?
The mind was tabula rasa: blank slate doctrine and posited innate ideas in the mind
139
What is utilitarianism?
The doctrine that morality consists in producing the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.
140
Difference between hypothetical and categorical imperative?
Hypothetical is more of a process, categorical is randomized.
141
What does categorical imperative mean?
we should always try to achieve the maximum potential as we can without violating the societal moral code.
142
Leviathon
Hobbes main political masterpiece
143
Why do we need morality, according to Hobbes?
because it makes us feel better about ourselves
144
What does egalitarian mean?
all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities
145
Who said "man is born free but is everywhere in chain"
Rousseau
146
________________ positive view of human nature is
based on two psychological propositions: (1)
humans are self interested beings who care about
their own happiness and (2) they have a natural
repugnance at “seeing any being perish or suffer.”
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
147
Jean-Jacques Rousseau wrote this famous book in 1762
The Social Contract
148
True/False
Rousseau believed State and society corrupted individual?
True
149
True/False
Rousseau believed People are egoists who can’t act unselfishly, but must be rescued by Leviathan?
False
150
True/False
Hobbes believed that We are free to change our lives and our world.
False
151
True/False
Rousseau thought Humans are egoists?
False
152
True/False
Rousseau was an Conservative?
False
153
Hobbes claimed to be this form of religion?
Christian
154
An idea that all humans are motivated by selfishness is called?
Psychological Egoism
155
Desire is the root of everything. There are two types
1. Appetite
2. ?
Aversion
156
True/False
Hobbes said that "something is in motion."?
False
157
True/ False
Hobbes believed in Free Will?
False
158
Who was...
- Strict, punitive, disciplinary (Latin and neo-classicism)
- Went to University Of Königsberg in Prussia at the age 16
- Pietist (Strict Lutheran reform movement)
- Stymied by student asking why he made no relation between emotion and raitonality
Kant
159
"The starry heavens above me and the moral law within me"
Kant
160
Prior to the modern period of philosophy (17th-early 20th century) knowledge (epistemology) was....
By revelation
161
True/False
Before modern philosophy... were governed by authority and it was thought that people were sheep
True
162
Who was the father of modern philosophy?
Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
164
Experience and sensation (not reason alone) is the fundamental means of gaining knowledgeg
Empiricism
165
What is the method for rationalism?
Deduction
166
In rationalism, knowledge requires _________
Certainty
167
True/False
Rationalism has innate ideas
True
168
Empiricism uses what method?
Science
169
True/False
Empiricism says knowledge does not require certainty
True
170
True/False
There are innate ideas involved with empiricism
False - no innate ideas
171
Kant was especially impacted by who?
David Hume
172
"Reason is, and ought only to be, the slave of the passions, and can never pretend to any other office than to serve and obey them" was stated by whom?
Hume
173
Did Kant accept Hume's claim that humans are only emotional, not rational beings
No
174
Who's monumental work was "The Critique of Pure Reason"?
Kant
175
Kant inaugurated a revolution in the theory of knowledge, a revolution that completely reversed what?
Our orientation to reality in a manner analogous to Copernicus
176
Lock and the empiricists claimed that the mind was...
"Tabula rasa" - a blank slate upon which experience writes in a thousand ways until sensation begets memory and memory begets ideas
177
The idealist tradition from whence Kant came _______ the blank slate doctrine and posited innate ideas in the mind
Rejected
178
The mind is not a passive tablet but an ______ _______
active organ
179
_______ argued that the mind is so structured and empowered that it imposes interpretive categories onto our experience so we do not simply experience the world as the empiricists alleged
Kant
180
What are Kant's two worlds
1) Noumenal World
| 2) Phenomenal World
181
- The world of "things in themselves" (ding an sich)
- The world from which raw sense data originates
- Reality we cannot necessarily know
- Human beings do not live in the noumenal world or have experiential knowledge of it
Noumenal world
182
- The world of perception
- The world of sense data after it has been organized and structured by the mind's categories
- The world in which humans live and of which we have experiential knowledge
Phenomenal world
183
Kant's two worlds are his distinction between what two knowledges?
1) Priori (knowledge we have prior to experience)
| 2) Posteriori (knowledge based on experience
184
The difference between right and wrong is determined entirely by the consequences of the action. The ends justify the means
Consequentialism
185
The consequences don't matter. The morality is contained in the action alone
Deontology
186
3 Kantian Ethics
1) Religious Ethics
2) Utilitarian Ethics
3) Kantian Ethics
187
- "Are actions 'good' simply because God commands them or does God command certain actions because they are 'good'?"
- Moral values are grounded in religious belief/tradition and sacred writings guided by faith, tradition and/or reason
Religious ethics
188
Principle of the greatest good
Utilitarian Ethics
189
- Categorical imperative
- Universal maxim
- Respect of persons
- Kant would Claim God commands actions that are good
- Reason alone demands right action (no need for priests)
Kantian ethics
190
The person of duty remains committed no matter how difficult things become
Admirability of Acting from Duty
191
Using reason alone permits one to...
Determine what's right to do; how one should act
192
Pay no attention to consequences because they are too difficult to predict and don't have to account for your motivation (unlike Utilitarianism)
The evenhandedness of morality
193
- Treat persons as ends in themselves
| - Never use people as means to an end
Respecting other persons
194
Kantian "duty" is not the "duty as following orders kind where duty is _____ or imposed by others, but duty as a freely imposed obligation on one's own self where we _____ expectations of behavior on ourselves
- External
| - Impose
195
What are Kant's two shopkeepers?
1) The first stays honest out of fear of being caught if he were to cheat his customers
2) The second is honest because it his duty to be honest
196
The intention/choice that impels a person to do "right actions" because they are right. Self imposed, through reason is Kant's definition off...
Good will
197
Are those actions done in accordance with "duty" is Kant's definition of
Right actions
198
Action mandated by more law determined by the "Categorical imperative" regardless of emotion is Kant's definition of...
Duty
199
A moral test for rightness of an act... can it be applied universally? Is Kant's meaning of...
Categorical imperative
200
What is the breakdown of all those actions into 3 Maxims
1. All actions must have universality - be the same for all people at all times
2. Must treat people as having intrinsic value in and of themselves - as an ends rather than a means to an end
3. . Always act as if you are the absolute moral authority of the entire universe
201
For Kant a person's ____ or _____ is the key factor for determining the action's moral staus
Motive
| Intent
202
"Act only according to that maim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law"
Immanuel Kant
203
- "Survival of the fittest"
- Interdependent
- Humans are the result of genetical material
- Great Chain of Being/ "biblical" view of humanity --> Copernican revolution: humanity is not the center of the universe --> man is no higher than animals
Natural selection as philosophy
204
True/False
Darwinism philosophy says man rose to heigh of organic scale, not placed there
True
205
Explains ethics with biology and natural selection; evolutionary emergence of social norms rejects androgynous model
Sociobiology
206
Monkeys, apes and humans. Common ancestor in Oligocene 38 MYA
Anthropoids
207
Apes (gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimps) and humans. Common ancestor (Aegyptopithecus and Dryopithecus)
Hominioids
208
Include Ardipithecus and Australopithecus spp. and all the Homo spp
Hominids
209
2 People that influenced Darwin
1) Charles Lyell - "Principles of Geology"
| 2) Thomas Malthus - "Essay on the principle of population"
210
- Richard Dawkins - a prominent modern Dawinist
- Herbert Spencer and William Sumner - "Social Darwinism"
Are two people that...
Were impacted by Darwin
211
Darwin's view on politics...
Egalitarian
212
Darwin's view on religion...
Diest, Unitarian, Agnostic
213
True/ False
Darwin was an abolitionist who saw the races of humans as mere varieties
True
214
Application of Darwin's theories of natural selection to modern society and appealing to American businessmen
Social darwinism
215
- Genetic inheritance
- "Surgical solution"
- Buck v. Bell
- Eugenic sterilizations
- Decsionally incapacitated
Eugenics
216
Philosophers who asserted a strong version of free will and made moral responsibility depend on it (the responsibility thesis) include...
- Augustine
- Rousseau
- Kierkegaard
- Sartre
217
Philosophers who denied free will and held to the casual thesis (that every act in the universe is cause by antecedent events) inclulde
- Hobbes
- Schopenhauer
- Marx
- Freud
218
The theory that we do have free wills but not all of our actions are free only some of them. They do not offer an explanatory theory of free well
Libertarianism
219
2 main arguments for libertarianism
1) The argument from deliberation
| 2) The argument from moral responsibility
220
They admit we often feel "free" and that we could do otherwise but that these feelings are illusory. On a higher level or after the deliberation process is over we must acknowledge that even the deliberation is the product of antecedent causes
The Determinist's opinion
221
Reason or thinking (not experience or sensory) is the fundamental means of gaining knowledge
Rationalism
222
"Contribution to a critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right" was one of marx's early writings, what was it about?
It was the first detailed account of Marx's view on religion, revolution and the role of the proletariat
223
On the ______ question was one of Marx's early writings
Jewish
224
What was "On the Jewish Question" about?
Argues Bruno Bauers theory and Human vs. Political emancipation
225
The economic and ________ Manuscripts was one of Marx's early writings.
philosophical
226
What was "The Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts" about?
Private property and communism, continues to develop marx critique of Hegel, and introduces concept of alienated labor
227
Theses on ______ was one of Marx's early writings.
Feuerbach
228
What was "Theses on Feuerbach" about?
Philosophers have only interpreted the world the point is to change it, reactions to the philosophy of his day, objects to current idea of materialism and idealism
229
Marx's theory of History is called what?
Dialectical Materialism
230
Religion as an ________ that provides excuses and reasons to keep functioning as is.
illusion
231
Marx draws a comparison between capitalism and _______
Religion
232
Religion is _____
Irrational
233
Religion is _____
Degrading
234
Religion is _____
Hypocritical
235
Marx: Religion is dependent on ________
Economics
236
True/False
Marx was an Atheist
True
237
What is it called when social purposes are viewed as more important then spiritual beliefs
Functionalist Interpretation
238
(One of the ten planks of Marx communist platform)
________ of property and application of all rents of land to public purposes
Abolishment
239
(One of the ten planks of Marx communist platform)
A heavy _______ or graduated income tax
Progressive
240
(One of the ten planks of Marx communist platform)
Abolition of rights of________
Inheritance
241
(One of the ten planks of Marx communist platform)
Confiscation of ______ of emigrants and rebels
Property
242
(One of the ten planks of Marx communist platform)
Centralized credit in a national bank with State capital and an _______ _______
Exclusive Monopoly
243
(One of the ten planks of Marx communist platform)
Centralized ________ and transport in the hands of the State
Communication
244
(One of the ten planks of Marx communist platform)
Extension of factories and instruments of production owned by the State; the bringing into cultivation of wastelands and the improvement of the soil generally and in accordance with a ______ ____
Common Plan
245
(One of the ten planks of Marx communist platform)
Equal liability of all to _____. Establishment of industrial armies, especially for agriculture
Labor
246
(One of the ten planks of Marx communist platform)
Combination of agriculture with ________ ________; gradual abolition of the distinction between town and country, by a more equable distribution of population across the country
Manufacturing Industries
247
(One of the ten planks of Marx communist platform)
Combination of ______ with industrial production and free education for all children in public schools. Abolition of children’s factory labor
Education
248
True/False
Eight of the ten planks of Marx’s communist manifesto enacted in one form or the other right here in America.
True
249
Karl Marx was a big believer in Sharing the ______
Wealth
250
True/False
Marx said that capitalism would collapse because of social change that invariably destroys those economic systems marked by class inequality
True
251
True/False
Freud believed in free will?
False
252
Eros
- life instinct
- includes all self preserving and erotic impulses
- love
253
Thanatos
- death instinct
- includes cruel self destructive instincts
- hate
254
"This is the behavior, so some unconscious cause must exist"
Freud
255
Who was a convinced atheist and believed religion was based on an illusion?
Frued
256
"The whole thing is so patently infantile, so foreign to reality, that to anyone with a friendly attitude to humanity it is painful to think that the great majority of mortals will never be able to rise above this view of life."
Frued
257
It would be very nice if their were a God who created the world and was a benevolent providence, and if there were a moral order in the universe and an after-life; but it is a very striking fact that all this is exactly as we are bound to wish it to be."
Frued
258
We are self-determining agents responsible for authenticity of our choices.
Existentialism
259
"Life can only be understood backwards; but it must be lived forwards."
Kierkegaard
260
“The function of prayer is not to influence God, but rather to change the nature of the one who prays.”
Kierkegaard
261
“There is something frightful in the fact that the most dangerous thing of all, playing at Christianity, is never included in the list of heresies and schisms.”
Kierkegaard
262
“The thing is to understand myself: the thing is to find a truth which is true for me, to find the idea for which I can live and die. That is what I now recognize as the most important thing.”
Kierkegaard
263
“Purity of Heart Is to Will One Thing”
Kierkegaard
264
“It is so hard to believe because it is so hard to obey.”
Kierkegaard
265
“The highest and most beautiful things in life are not to be heard about, nor read about, nor seen but, if one will, are to be lived.”
Kierkegaard
266
"There is a God... and we have killed Him!"
Nietzsche
267
What is the refelctive apprehension of freedom itself?
ANGUISH
268
“Man is condemned to be free; because once he is thrown into the world, he is responsible for everything he does.”
Sartre
