Core final Flashcards
Who wrote Nicomachean Ethics?
Aristotle
Who wrote “The Myth of Sisyphus”
Albert Camus
Who wrote “No Exit”?
Jean-Paul Sartre
Who wrote Origin of Species?
Charles Darwin
Who wrote Social Contract?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Who wrote Who Are We?
Louis P. Pojman
Who wrote the Communist Manifesto?
Karl Marx
Who wrote The Critique of Pure Reason?
Immanuel Kant
Who wrote The Interpretation of Dreams?
Sigmund Freud
Who wrote the Leviathan?
Thomas Hobbes
Who wrote Lord of the Flies?
William Golding
- Born in 1809 to a wealthy family
- Interested in nature
- Studied medicine
Charles Darwin
True/False
The idea of evolution was completely new in Darwin’s time
False
-The fossil record
-embryonic replication
-vestigial organ
-biochemical characteristics
Are all evidence for…
Darwinian evolutionist
-Imperialism
-Laissez-faire economics
-Neglect of the poor
-Racism
-Eugenics
Are all used to justify what….
Darwinian sociology
True or False
This is the basic idea: humanity gradually evolved over time by natural selection through chance (through genetic mutation) and necessity from less developed life forms. While individual points of evolutionary theory are challenged and the exact formulations qualified, the idea/edifice as a whole has withstood the assaults of criticism for nearly 150 years
True
For a pleated a dynamic psychology that transforms energy within the personality of what is this called
Psychoanalysis
True/False
According to Freud free will is an allusion
True
The name of Freud’s theory is
Pansexuality
What revolution did Freud inaugurate?
The sexual revolution
3 Components to Freud’s idea of personality
1) Id
2) Ego
3) Super Ego
True/False
Darwin was excited to publish his findings especially because he enjoyed shaking of the religious faith in people
False
Who was Alfred Russell Wallace?
Reinforced Darwin’s natural selection theory
True/False
Darwin was able to confirm his theory of natural selection by experimenting on monkeys and crocodiles in the Galapagos Islands
False
What are the four tenets to Naturalist evolutionary theory, which are either questioned or rejected by creationists?
1) The ancient earth thesis
2) The common ancestry theory
3) The progression thesis
4) The naturalistic selection thesis
Which thesis believes…
- Universe is approximately 15 billion years old
- Works with Earth age
- Does not work with biblical scholars
The ancient earth thesis
What theory…
- Life from non-living matter
- Evolution over time
- Non-living isn’t possible
The common ancestry theory
1588-1679 A.D.
Thomas Hobbs
1712-1778
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
1724-1804
Immanuel Kant
1818-1883
Karl Marx
1856-1939
Sigmund Freud
1905-1980
Jean-Paul Sartre
1813-1855
Soren Kierkegaard
1844-1900
Friedrich Nietzsche
1809-1882
Charles Darwin
1935-2005
Louis Pojman
Put the philosophers in chronological order
Socrates, Plato, Augustine, Hobbs, Rousseau, Kant, Darwin, Kierkegaard, Marx, Nietzsche, Freud, Sartre, Pojman
469-399 B.C.
Socrates
427-327 B.C.
Plato
354-430 C.E.
St. Augustine
Deontology, categorical imperative
normative ethical position that judges the morality of an action based on the action’s adherence to a rule or rules
a priori
knowledge or justification is independent of experience
a posteriori
knowledge or justification is dependent on experience or empirical evidence
free will vs. determinism
free will is the ability of agents to make choices unimpeded by certain prevailing factors. determinism the philosophical position that for every event, including human action, there exist conditions that could cause no other event.
Anguish
severe mental or physical pain or suffering.
“Existence precedes essence.”
Sartre’s philosophy, we exist first and then we do things that define ourselves and live our lives in whatever way we choose
Natural Selection
the gradual process by which biological traits become either more or less common in a population as a function of the effect of inherited traits on the differential reproductive success of organisms interacting with their environment
Categorical vs. hypotheical imperatives
categorical imperatives is the central philosophical concept in the deontological moral philosophy of Immanuel Kant. Hypothetical imperatives. hypothetical imperatives are the rules of skill and the counsels of prudence. The rules of skill are conditional and are specific to each and every person to which the skill is mandated by.
Existentialism
a philosophical theory or approach that emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will.
“noble savage”
an idealized concept of uncivilized man, who symbolizes the innate goodness of one not exposed to the corrupting influences of civilization.
Bourgeoisie
the middle class, typically with reference to its perceived materialistic values or conventional attitudes.
Proletariat
workers or working-class people, regarded collectively
Bourgeoisie vs Proletariat
Bourgeosisie is the upper class. Proletariat is the working lower class
Eugenics
is the belief and practice of improving the genetic quality of the human population.
The mind vs. the brain vs. the body
mind with the consciousness and self-awareness of itself, with an ability to distinguish itself from the brain, but still called the brain the seat of intelligence.
Liberal
believe in government action to achieve equal opportunity and equality for all. It is the duty of the government to alleviate social ills and to protect civil liberties and individual and human rights. Believe the role of the government should be to guarantee that no one is in need. Liberal policies generally emphasize the need for the government to solve problems.
Ego
the decision making component of personality
Superego
the values and morals of society which are learned from one’s parents and others. It develops around the age of 3 – 5 during the phallic stage of psychosexual development.
Conservative
believe in personal responsibility, limited government, free markets, individual liberty, traditional American values and a strong national defense. Believe the role of government should be to provide people the freedom necessary to pursue their own goals. Conservative policies generally emphasize empowerment of the individual to solve problems.
Liberal
believe in government action to achieve equal opportunity and equality for all. It is the duty of the government to alleviate social ills and to protect civil liberties and individual and human rights. Believe the role of the government should be to guarantee that no one is in need. Liberal policies generally emphasize the need for the government to solve problems.
Freud began to specialize in treatment of ______ disorders
nevous
Freud spent most of his life in______
Vienna
What famous book was written in 1859?
Origin of Species
Freud received his _____ degree from University of Vienna
Medical
Freud began to specialize in treatment of ______ disorders
nevous
What thesis…
- goes from simple to complex
- Explains science
- Doesn’t account for time
The progression thesis
Which thesis….
- Genetic replicating mutations
- Explains differentiation
- Discredit religion
The naturalistic selection thesis
True/False
Darwin places a great deal of weight on our biological origins as determining or at least significantly influencing who and what we are.
True
Darwinian thought leads to conclusion that there is no freedom of the _________
Will
Darwinian thought was supplemented by Herbert Spencer’s notion of the survival of the______. Which in turn was used to justify ______-______ economics.
Fittest
Lassiez-faire
Natures way was ruthless capitalism of the weak by the strong, we ought to condone exploitation of weaker people by stronger, smarter one
Social Darwinism
What did Darwin think was the driving force of personal and social existence instead of existential choice?
Natural selection
Who is the foremost defender of sociobiology?
Richard Dawkins
Which of Dawkins books puts forth the thesis that it is the gene not the individual or group that is the primary unit of natural selection?
The Selfish Gene
True/False
Dawkins thought that the individual functioned as the vehicle fort passing on the gene, the individuals live and die but the gene carries on indefinitely.
True
What are the three types of bird that Darwin talks about?
1) Suckers
2) Cheaters
3) Grudgers
This bird is non prejudiced
Suckers
Which bird is no prejudiced
Cheaters
Which bird gives and is the receiver
Grudgers
Who was the main influencer of Marx’s views?
Friedrich Ingles
True/false
Karl Marx was atheist
True
What was Mark’s most famous writing
The Communist manifesto
According to Pojman the attraction of Marxism is that appeals to a set of simple…
Theses
What are the 10 Marxist theses
1) materialist determinism
2) Organicism
3) class struggle
4) The pivotal role of capitalism
5) Value Theory
6) Alienation
7) Oppression
8) Revolution
9) Dictatorship
10) Communism
WhichMarxist theses says that the laws of economics are fixed to bring about the victory of communism over economic laws
Materialist determinism
Which Marxist theses says that individuality is subordinate (less important) organic whole or in other words in terms of community “the greater good” is what is important
Organicism
Which Marxist theses is where people identify primarily with their socioeconomic class more than gender, or race, and each class is antagonistic toward the others
Class struggle
Which Marxist thesis says that on the one hand capitalism breaks the feudal hold over humanity liberating it from the tear any of the mid evil feudal system freeing the bourgeoisie and the serf on the manor. It creates the possibility of surplus where on the other hand and it enslaves people again as wage-slaves to industry in a system of exploitation
The pivotal role of capitalism
Which Marxist thesis says (proletariat) creates value for the catalyst for the catalyst does not reciprocate.
Value theory
Which Marxist thesis says that unlike in rural and hunter gatherer societies work and industrial society is fragmented and meaningless
Alienation
Which Marxist thesis says that in Marxist labor theory of value capitalism exploits workers by not giving them full value of their labor
Oppression
Which Marxist thesis says that workers of the world unite. Unfortunately this will necessitate violence not because the cartoonist desire violence that because the capitalist rulers will not relinquish power voluntarily and peacefully
Revolution
Which marxist thesis says there will be a short-lived socialist dictatorship of the proletariat necessary during the transition to communism
Dictatorship
Which Marxist thesis says soon oppressive capitalist institutions, classes and inequalities will be abolished in a reign of peace and prosperity will ensue in which private greed will disappear since the causes of crime and greed – scarcity, private property and oppression will be exterminated
Communism
Why does Mark say “religion is the opiate of the people”
Because religion gives a false feeling much like a drug
Freud argues the ______ are a form of _____ fulfillment
dreams, wish
in the 1980’s, freud began to analyze himself, examining his dreams; based on this experience, he wrote his first book, the Interpretation of________
dreams
Freud’s theory expressed in his essays on sexuality earned his theory the label of ________
Pansexuality
“Everything in life is caused by our sexual ______”
Instincts
Freud had many psychological disciples including _________ and _________
Carl Jung and Alfred Adler
Freud was generally ________ about humanity
Pessimistic
“I have found little that is ______ about human beings on the whole. In my experience, most of them are _____” Freud
Good, trash
Following WW1, _________ became the rage of the west, its influence being felt in spheres as diverse as literature, drama, art, and _____ to morality, education, and the ______ sciences.
Psychoanalysis, religion, social
In the 1920’s, Freud further developed his theory of personality, calling it the trinity of ego, id, and ______
Superego
In traditional Christianity, a person is made up of three components: body, soul, and ______
Spirit
For Freud, those three components (body, soul, spirit) are _____, ______, and _________
Ego, Id, and Superego
