Core final Flashcards
Who wrote Nicomachean Ethics?
Aristotle
Who wrote “The Myth of Sisyphus”
Albert Camus
Who wrote “No Exit”?
Jean-Paul Sartre
Who wrote Origin of Species?
Charles Darwin
Who wrote Social Contract?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Who wrote Who Are We?
Louis P. Pojman
Who wrote the Communist Manifesto?
Karl Marx
Who wrote The Critique of Pure Reason?
Immanuel Kant
Who wrote The Interpretation of Dreams?
Sigmund Freud
Who wrote the Leviathan?
Thomas Hobbes
Who wrote Lord of the Flies?
William Golding
- Born in 1809 to a wealthy family
- Interested in nature
- Studied medicine
Charles Darwin
True/False
The idea of evolution was completely new in Darwin’s time
False
-The fossil record
-embryonic replication
-vestigial organ
-biochemical characteristics
Are all evidence for…
Darwinian evolutionist
-Imperialism
-Laissez-faire economics
-Neglect of the poor
-Racism
-Eugenics
Are all used to justify what….
Darwinian sociology
True or False
This is the basic idea: humanity gradually evolved over time by natural selection through chance (through genetic mutation) and necessity from less developed life forms. While individual points of evolutionary theory are challenged and the exact formulations qualified, the idea/edifice as a whole has withstood the assaults of criticism for nearly 150 years
True
For a pleated a dynamic psychology that transforms energy within the personality of what is this called
Psychoanalysis
True/False
According to Freud free will is an allusion
True
The name of Freud’s theory is
Pansexuality
What revolution did Freud inaugurate?
The sexual revolution
3 Components to Freud’s idea of personality
1) Id
2) Ego
3) Super Ego
True/False
Darwin was excited to publish his findings especially because he enjoyed shaking of the religious faith in people
False
Who was Alfred Russell Wallace?
Reinforced Darwin’s natural selection theory
True/False
Darwin was able to confirm his theory of natural selection by experimenting on monkeys and crocodiles in the Galapagos Islands
False
What are the four tenets to Naturalist evolutionary theory, which are either questioned or rejected by creationists?
1) The ancient earth thesis
2) The common ancestry theory
3) The progression thesis
4) The naturalistic selection thesis
Which thesis believes…
- Universe is approximately 15 billion years old
- Works with Earth age
- Does not work with biblical scholars
The ancient earth thesis
What theory…
- Life from non-living matter
- Evolution over time
- Non-living isn’t possible
The common ancestry theory
1588-1679 A.D.
Thomas Hobbs
1712-1778
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
1724-1804
Immanuel Kant
1818-1883
Karl Marx
1856-1939
Sigmund Freud
1905-1980
Jean-Paul Sartre
1813-1855
Soren Kierkegaard
1844-1900
Friedrich Nietzsche
1809-1882
Charles Darwin
1935-2005
Louis Pojman
Put the philosophers in chronological order
Socrates, Plato, Augustine, Hobbs, Rousseau, Kant, Darwin, Kierkegaard, Marx, Nietzsche, Freud, Sartre, Pojman
469-399 B.C.
Socrates
427-327 B.C.
Plato
354-430 C.E.
St. Augustine
Deontology, categorical imperative
normative ethical position that judges the morality of an action based on the action’s adherence to a rule or rules
a priori
knowledge or justification is independent of experience
a posteriori
knowledge or justification is dependent on experience or empirical evidence
free will vs. determinism
free will is the ability of agents to make choices unimpeded by certain prevailing factors. determinism the philosophical position that for every event, including human action, there exist conditions that could cause no other event.
Anguish
severe mental or physical pain or suffering.
“Existence precedes essence.”
Sartre’s philosophy, we exist first and then we do things that define ourselves and live our lives in whatever way we choose
Natural Selection
the gradual process by which biological traits become either more or less common in a population as a function of the effect of inherited traits on the differential reproductive success of organisms interacting with their environment
Categorical vs. hypotheical imperatives
categorical imperatives is the central philosophical concept in the deontological moral philosophy of Immanuel Kant. Hypothetical imperatives. hypothetical imperatives are the rules of skill and the counsels of prudence. The rules of skill are conditional and are specific to each and every person to which the skill is mandated by.
Existentialism
a philosophical theory or approach that emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will.
“noble savage”
an idealized concept of uncivilized man, who symbolizes the innate goodness of one not exposed to the corrupting influences of civilization.
Bourgeoisie
the middle class, typically with reference to its perceived materialistic values or conventional attitudes.
Proletariat
workers or working-class people, regarded collectively
Bourgeoisie vs Proletariat
Bourgeosisie is the upper class. Proletariat is the working lower class
Eugenics
is the belief and practice of improving the genetic quality of the human population.
The mind vs. the brain vs. the body
mind with the consciousness and self-awareness of itself, with an ability to distinguish itself from the brain, but still called the brain the seat of intelligence.
Liberal
believe in government action to achieve equal opportunity and equality for all. It is the duty of the government to alleviate social ills and to protect civil liberties and individual and human rights. Believe the role of the government should be to guarantee that no one is in need. Liberal policies generally emphasize the need for the government to solve problems.
Ego
the decision making component of personality
Superego
the values and morals of society which are learned from one’s parents and others. It develops around the age of 3 – 5 during the phallic stage of psychosexual development.
Conservative
believe in personal responsibility, limited government, free markets, individual liberty, traditional American values and a strong national defense. Believe the role of government should be to provide people the freedom necessary to pursue their own goals. Conservative policies generally emphasize empowerment of the individual to solve problems.
Liberal
believe in government action to achieve equal opportunity and equality for all. It is the duty of the government to alleviate social ills and to protect civil liberties and individual and human rights. Believe the role of the government should be to guarantee that no one is in need. Liberal policies generally emphasize the need for the government to solve problems.
Freud began to specialize in treatment of ______ disorders
nevous
Freud spent most of his life in______
Vienna
What famous book was written in 1859?
Origin of Species
Freud received his _____ degree from University of Vienna
Medical
Freud began to specialize in treatment of ______ disorders
nevous
What thesis…
- goes from simple to complex
- Explains science
- Doesn’t account for time
The progression thesis
Which thesis….
- Genetic replicating mutations
- Explains differentiation
- Discredit religion
The naturalistic selection thesis
True/False
Darwin places a great deal of weight on our biological origins as determining or at least significantly influencing who and what we are.
True
Darwinian thought leads to conclusion that there is no freedom of the _________
Will
Darwinian thought was supplemented by Herbert Spencer’s notion of the survival of the______. Which in turn was used to justify ______-______ economics.
Fittest
Lassiez-faire
Natures way was ruthless capitalism of the weak by the strong, we ought to condone exploitation of weaker people by stronger, smarter one
Social Darwinism
What did Darwin think was the driving force of personal and social existence instead of existential choice?
Natural selection
Who is the foremost defender of sociobiology?
Richard Dawkins
Which of Dawkins books puts forth the thesis that it is the gene not the individual or group that is the primary unit of natural selection?
The Selfish Gene
True/False
Dawkins thought that the individual functioned as the vehicle fort passing on the gene, the individuals live and die but the gene carries on indefinitely.
True
What are the three types of bird that Darwin talks about?
1) Suckers
2) Cheaters
3) Grudgers
This bird is non prejudiced
Suckers
Which bird is no prejudiced
Cheaters
Which bird gives and is the receiver
Grudgers
Who was the main influencer of Marx’s views?
Friedrich Ingles
True/false
Karl Marx was atheist
True
What was Mark’s most famous writing
The Communist manifesto
According to Pojman the attraction of Marxism is that appeals to a set of simple…
Theses
What are the 10 Marxist theses
1) materialist determinism
2) Organicism
3) class struggle
4) The pivotal role of capitalism
5) Value Theory
6) Alienation
7) Oppression
8) Revolution
9) Dictatorship
10) Communism
WhichMarxist theses says that the laws of economics are fixed to bring about the victory of communism over economic laws
Materialist determinism
Which Marxist theses says that individuality is subordinate (less important) organic whole or in other words in terms of community “the greater good” is what is important
Organicism
Which Marxist theses is where people identify primarily with their socioeconomic class more than gender, or race, and each class is antagonistic toward the others
Class struggle
Which Marxist thesis says that on the one hand capitalism breaks the feudal hold over humanity liberating it from the tear any of the mid evil feudal system freeing the bourgeoisie and the serf on the manor. It creates the possibility of surplus where on the other hand and it enslaves people again as wage-slaves to industry in a system of exploitation
The pivotal role of capitalism
Which Marxist thesis says (proletariat) creates value for the catalyst for the catalyst does not reciprocate.
Value theory
Which Marxist thesis says that unlike in rural and hunter gatherer societies work and industrial society is fragmented and meaningless
Alienation
Which Marxist thesis says that in Marxist labor theory of value capitalism exploits workers by not giving them full value of their labor
Oppression
Which Marxist thesis says that workers of the world unite. Unfortunately this will necessitate violence not because the cartoonist desire violence that because the capitalist rulers will not relinquish power voluntarily and peacefully
Revolution
Which marxist thesis says there will be a short-lived socialist dictatorship of the proletariat necessary during the transition to communism
Dictatorship
Which Marxist thesis says soon oppressive capitalist institutions, classes and inequalities will be abolished in a reign of peace and prosperity will ensue in which private greed will disappear since the causes of crime and greed – scarcity, private property and oppression will be exterminated
Communism
Why does Mark say “religion is the opiate of the people”
Because religion gives a false feeling much like a drug
Freud argues the ______ are a form of _____ fulfillment
dreams, wish
in the 1980’s, freud began to analyze himself, examining his dreams; based on this experience, he wrote his first book, the Interpretation of________
dreams
Freud’s theory expressed in his essays on sexuality earned his theory the label of ________
Pansexuality
“Everything in life is caused by our sexual ______”
Instincts
Freud had many psychological disciples including _________ and _________
Carl Jung and Alfred Adler
Freud was generally ________ about humanity
Pessimistic
“I have found little that is ______ about human beings on the whole. In my experience, most of them are _____” Freud
Good, trash
Following WW1, _________ became the rage of the west, its influence being felt in spheres as diverse as literature, drama, art, and _____ to morality, education, and the ______ sciences.
Psychoanalysis, religion, social
In the 1920’s, Freud further developed his theory of personality, calling it the trinity of ego, id, and ______
Superego
In traditional Christianity, a person is made up of three components: body, soul, and ______
Spirit
For Freud, those three components (body, soul, spirit) are _____, ______, and _________
Ego, Id, and Superego
What is the Id?
Powerful blind force within us which drives our conscious behavior
What is Ego?
a person’s sense of self-esteem or self-importance.
What is Superego?
the legislative branch of the personality, the center of morality and law.
Freud emphasized, the ______ ______ is the most powerful drive in humans
Sex drive
Freud would say that we only know that we know a little of what we know; he holds an “iceberg model of ________”
Consciousness
The ______ always seek to maximize _______ and minimize pain.
Unconscious, Pain
Psychotherapy, the prescriptive element of ________, aims at delving into the ________
Psychoanalysis, Unconscious
Freud believed that the _______ must become the surrogate problematic ________ with whom the patient has had an arrested relationship
Therapist, Parent
The patient transfers, or _______, the emotions toward the parent to the therapist and reenacts the childhood urges which now are invested on the new object, the therapist.
Projects
In this way, feelings long _____ can be ventilated, and a _____ can take place
repressed, catharsis
______ therapy was freud’s favorite mode of analysis, kind of therapy.
Dream
What is Manifest Content
what the dreamer remembers of the dream
What is Latent Content
hidden content, which gives the dream its meaning
Guilt is the result of Human _______ in a civilized society, according to Freud’s theories.
Socialization
- Dialectical Materialism
- Communist Utopia
- Latest form of class inequality was capitalism, which would be replaced by communism
- Religion is irrational, degrading, and hypocritical
Marx
- Unconscious, conscious, preconscious
- Eros, Thanatos
- Sexual Drive is most dominant force
- Id, Ego, Superego
Freud
- Reincarnation and karma
- We are driven by desires and cravings
- Caste System
- Salvation is obtained through yoga and morality
Hindu
- Secular Relativists
- Pragmatists
- Made education into a business
- Conventional and subjective relativists
Greek tradition/Sophists
- Free will is dominant feature
- Predestination
- We sin not because we enjoy the sin but simply enjoy sinning
- Highest form of existence is love
- Can use violence but not out of hate
Augustine
- Natural Selection
- Humans are result of genetic material
- Man rose to height of organic scale
- Sociobiology
Darwin
- A Priori knowledge of God
- Psychological Egoism
- Desire is root of everything
- Knowledge is power
- Power is everything
- Did not support free will
- Absolutism
- Social Contract
Hobbes
- Humans are concerned with own happiness and don’t like seeing suffering
- “idealist who wants to find innate goodness within all”
Rousseau
FILL IN OWN ANSWER
Utilitarian
- Nirvana
- Precepts
Buddhist
-Sunnis, Shi’as, Sufis
Islamic
FILL IN OWN ANSWER
Judeo/Christian
- Consciousness vs. Unconsciousness
- Existence precedes essence
- Must create our own nature
- Nothingness:world is full of possibilities
- Decide for ourselves the meaning of our existence
Existentialist
FILL IN OWN ANSWER
Determinist
- Epistimology
- Rationalism
- Empiricism
- Nomenal and Phenomenal world
- Difference between right and wrong is consequences: The end justifies the means
Kant
- Goodness is the highest form
- Eros is selfish
Plato
What is meant by the phrase “Kant’s Copernican Revolution”
a revolution that completely reversed our orientation to reality in a manner analogous to the great Copernican revolution in 1543
What did John Locke/empiricists believe?
The mind was tabula rasa: blank slate doctrine and posited innate ideas in the mind
What is utilitarianism?
The doctrine that morality consists in producing the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.
Difference between hypothetical and categorical imperative?
Hypothetical is more of a process, categorical is randomized.
What does categorical imperative mean?
we should always try to achieve the maximum potential as we can without violating the societal moral code.
Leviathon
Hobbes main political masterpiece
Why do we need morality, according to Hobbes?
because it makes us feel better about ourselves
What does egalitarian mean?
all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities
Who said “man is born free but is everywhere in chain”
Rousseau
________________ positive view of human nature is
based on two psychological propositions: (1)
humans are self interested beings who care about
their own happiness and (2) they have a natural
repugnance at “seeing any being perish or suffer.”
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Jean-Jacques Rousseau wrote this famous book in 1762
The Social Contract
True/False
Rousseau believed State and society corrupted individual?
True
True/False
Rousseau believed People are egoists who can’t act unselfishly, but must be rescued by Leviathan?
False
True/False
Hobbes believed that We are free to change our lives and our world.
False
True/False
Rousseau thought Humans are egoists?
False
True/False
Rousseau was an Conservative?
False
Hobbes claimed to be this form of religion?
Christian
An idea that all humans are motivated by selfishness is called?
Psychological Egoism
Desire is the root of everything. There are two types
- Appetite
- ?
Aversion
True/False
Hobbes said that “something is in motion.”?
False
True/ False
Hobbes believed in Free Will?
False
Who was…
- Strict, punitive, disciplinary (Latin and neo-classicism)
- Went to University Of Königsberg in Prussia at the age 16
- Pietist (Strict Lutheran reform movement)
- Stymied by student asking why he made no relation between emotion and raitonality
Kant
“The starry heavens above me and the moral law within me”
Kant
Prior to the modern period of philosophy (17th-early 20th century) knowledge (epistemology) was….
By revelation
True/False
Before modern philosophy… were governed by authority and it was thought that people were sheep
True
Who was the father of modern philosophy?
Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
Experience and sensation (not reason alone) is the fundamental means of gaining knowledgeg
Empiricism
What is the method for rationalism?
Deduction
In rationalism, knowledge requires _________
Certainty
True/False
Rationalism has innate ideas
True
Empiricism uses what method?
Science
True/False
Empiricism says knowledge does not require certainty
True
True/False
There are innate ideas involved with empiricism
False - no innate ideas
Kant was especially impacted by who?
David Hume
“Reason is, and ought only to be, the slave of the passions, and can never pretend to any other office than to serve and obey them” was stated by whom?
Hume
Did Kant accept Hume’s claim that humans are only emotional, not rational beings
No
Who’s monumental work was “The Critique of Pure Reason”?
Kant
Kant inaugurated a revolution in the theory of knowledge, a revolution that completely reversed what?
Our orientation to reality in a manner analogous to Copernicus
Lock and the empiricists claimed that the mind was…
“Tabula rasa” - a blank slate upon which experience writes in a thousand ways until sensation begets memory and memory begets ideas
The idealist tradition from whence Kant came _______ the blank slate doctrine and posited innate ideas in the mind
Rejected
The mind is not a passive tablet but an ______ _______
active organ
_______ argued that the mind is so structured and empowered that it imposes interpretive categories onto our experience so we do not simply experience the world as the empiricists alleged
Kant
What are Kant’s two worlds
1) Noumenal World
2) Phenomenal World
- The world of “things in themselves” (ding an sich)
- The world from which raw sense data originates
- Reality we cannot necessarily know
- Human beings do not live in the noumenal world or have experiential knowledge of it
Noumenal world
- The world of perception
- The world of sense data after it has been organized and structured by the mind’s categories
- The world in which humans live and of which we have experiential knowledge
Phenomenal world
Kant’s two worlds are his distinction between what two knowledges?
1) Priori (knowledge we have prior to experience)
2) Posteriori (knowledge based on experience
The difference between right and wrong is determined entirely by the consequences of the action. The ends justify the means
Consequentialism
The consequences don’t matter. The morality is contained in the action alone
Deontology
3 Kantian Ethics
1) Religious Ethics
2) Utilitarian Ethics
3) Kantian Ethics
- “Are actions ‘good’ simply because God commands them or does God command certain actions because they are ‘good’?”
- Moral values are grounded in religious belief/tradition and sacred writings guided by faith, tradition and/or reason
Religious ethics
Principle of the greatest good
Utilitarian Ethics
- Categorical imperative
- Universal maxim
- Respect of persons
- Kant would Claim God commands actions that are good
- Reason alone demands right action (no need for priests)
Kantian ethics
The person of duty remains committed no matter how difficult things become
Admirability of Acting from Duty
Using reason alone permits one to…
Determine what’s right to do; how one should act
Pay no attention to consequences because they are too difficult to predict and don’t have to account for your motivation (unlike Utilitarianism)
The evenhandedness of morality
- Treat persons as ends in themselves
- Never use people as means to an end
Respecting other persons
Kantian “duty” is not the “duty as following orders kind where duty is _____ or imposed by others, but duty as a freely imposed obligation on one’s own self where we _____ expectations of behavior on ourselves
- External
- Impose
What are Kant’s two shopkeepers?
1) The first stays honest out of fear of being caught if he were to cheat his customers
2) The second is honest because it his duty to be honest
The intention/choice that impels a person to do “right actions” because they are right. Self imposed, through reason is Kant’s definition off…
Good will
Are those actions done in accordance with “duty” is Kant’s definition of
Right actions
Action mandated by more law determined by the “Categorical imperative” regardless of emotion is Kant’s definition of…
Duty
A moral test for rightness of an act… can it be applied universally? Is Kant’s meaning of…
Categorical imperative
What is the breakdown of all those actions into 3 Maxims
- All actions must have universality - be the same for all people at all times
- Must treat people as having intrinsic value in and of themselves - as an ends rather than a means to an end
- . Always act as if you are the absolute moral authority of the entire universe
For Kant a person’s ____ or _____ is the key factor for determining the action’s moral staus
Motive
Intent
“Act only according to that maim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law”
Immanuel Kant
- “Survival of the fittest”
- Interdependent
- Humans are the result of genetical material
- Great Chain of Being/ “biblical” view of humanity –> Copernican revolution: humanity is not the center of the universe –> man is no higher than animals
Natural selection as philosophy
True/False
Darwinism philosophy says man rose to heigh of organic scale, not placed there
True
Explains ethics with biology and natural selection; evolutionary emergence of social norms rejects androgynous model
Sociobiology
Monkeys, apes and humans. Common ancestor in Oligocene 38 MYA
Anthropoids
Apes (gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimps) and humans. Common ancestor (Aegyptopithecus and Dryopithecus)
Hominioids
Include Ardipithecus and Australopithecus spp. and all the Homo spp
Hominids
2 People that influenced Darwin
1) Charles Lyell - “Principles of Geology”
2) Thomas Malthus - “Essay on the principle of population”
- Richard Dawkins - a prominent modern Dawinist
- Herbert Spencer and William Sumner - “Social Darwinism”
Are two people that…
Were impacted by Darwin
Darwin’s view on politics…
Egalitarian
Darwin’s view on religion…
Diest, Unitarian, Agnostic
True/ False
Darwin was an abolitionist who saw the races of humans as mere varieties
True
Application of Darwin’s theories of natural selection to modern society and appealing to American businessmen
Social darwinism
- Genetic inheritance
- “Surgical solution”
- Buck v. Bell
- Eugenic sterilizations
- Decsionally incapacitated
Eugenics
Philosophers who asserted a strong version of free will and made moral responsibility depend on it (the responsibility thesis) include…
- Augustine
- Rousseau
- Kierkegaard
- Sartre
Philosophers who denied free will and held to the casual thesis (that every act in the universe is cause by antecedent events) inclulde
- Hobbes
- Schopenhauer
- Marx
- Freud
The theory that we do have free wills but not all of our actions are free only some of them. They do not offer an explanatory theory of free well
Libertarianism
2 main arguments for libertarianism
1) The argument from deliberation
2) The argument from moral responsibility
They admit we often feel “free” and that we could do otherwise but that these feelings are illusory. On a higher level or after the deliberation process is over we must acknowledge that even the deliberation is the product of antecedent causes
The Determinist’s opinion
Reason or thinking (not experience or sensory) is the fundamental means of gaining knowledge
Rationalism
“Contribution to a critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right” was one of marx’s early writings, what was it about?
It was the first detailed account of Marx’s view on religion, revolution and the role of the proletariat
On the ______ question was one of Marx’s early writings
Jewish
What was “On the Jewish Question” about?
Argues Bruno Bauers theory and Human vs. Political emancipation
The economic and ________ Manuscripts was one of Marx’s early writings.
philosophical
What was “The Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts” about?
Private property and communism, continues to develop marx critique of Hegel, and introduces concept of alienated labor
Theses on ______ was one of Marx’s early writings.
Feuerbach
What was “Theses on Feuerbach” about?
Philosophers have only interpreted the world the point is to change it, reactions to the philosophy of his day, objects to current idea of materialism and idealism
Marx’s theory of History is called what?
Dialectical Materialism
Religion as an ________ that provides excuses and reasons to keep functioning as is.
illusion
Marx draws a comparison between capitalism and _______
Religion
Religion is _____
Irrational
Religion is _____
Degrading
Religion is _____
Hypocritical
Marx: Religion is dependent on ________
Economics
True/False
Marx was an Atheist
True
What is it called when social purposes are viewed as more important then spiritual beliefs
Functionalist Interpretation
(One of the ten planks of Marx communist platform)
________ of property and application of all rents of land to public purposes
Abolishment
(One of the ten planks of Marx communist platform)
A heavy _______ or graduated income tax
Progressive
(One of the ten planks of Marx communist platform)
Abolition of rights of________
Inheritance
(One of the ten planks of Marx communist platform)
Confiscation of ______ of emigrants and rebels
Property
(One of the ten planks of Marx communist platform)
Centralized credit in a national bank with State capital and an _______ _______
Exclusive Monopoly
(One of the ten planks of Marx communist platform)
Centralized ________ and transport in the hands of the State
Communication
(One of the ten planks of Marx communist platform)
Extension of factories and instruments of production owned by the State; the bringing into cultivation of wastelands and the improvement of the soil generally and in accordance with a ______ ____
Common Plan
(One of the ten planks of Marx communist platform)
Equal liability of all to _____. Establishment of industrial armies, especially for agriculture
Labor
(One of the ten planks of Marx communist platform)
Combination of agriculture with ________ ________; gradual abolition of the distinction between town and country, by a more equable distribution of population across the country
Manufacturing Industries
(One of the ten planks of Marx communist platform)
Combination of ______ with industrial production and free education for all children in public schools. Abolition of children’s factory labor
Education
True/False
Eight of the ten planks of Marx’s communist manifesto enacted in one form or the other right here in America.
True
Karl Marx was a big believer in Sharing the ______
Wealth
True/False
Marx said that capitalism would collapse because of social change that invariably destroys those economic systems marked by class inequality
True
True/False
Freud believed in free will?
False
Eros
- life instinct
- includes all self preserving and erotic impulses
- love
Thanatos
- death instinct
- includes cruel self destructive instincts
- hate
“This is the behavior, so some unconscious cause must exist”
Freud
Who was a convinced atheist and believed religion was based on an illusion?
Frued
“The whole thing is so patently infantile, so foreign to reality, that to anyone with a friendly attitude to humanity it is painful to think that the great majority of mortals will never be able to rise above this view of life.”
Frued
It would be very nice if their were a God who created the world and was a benevolent providence, and if there were a moral order in the universe and an after-life; but it is a very striking fact that all this is exactly as we are bound to wish it to be.”
Frued
We are self-determining agents responsible for authenticity of our choices.
Existentialism
“Life can only be understood backwards; but it must be lived forwards.”
Kierkegaard
“The function of prayer is not to influence God, but rather to change the nature of the one who prays.”
Kierkegaard
“There is something frightful in the fact that the most dangerous thing of all, playing at Christianity, is never included in the list of heresies and schisms.”
Kierkegaard
“The thing is to understand myself: the thing is to find a truth which is true for me, to find the idea for which I can live and die. That is what I now recognize as the most important thing.”
Kierkegaard
“Purity of Heart Is to Will One Thing”
Kierkegaard
“It is so hard to believe because it is so hard to obey.”
Kierkegaard
“The highest and most beautiful things in life are not to be heard about, nor read about, nor seen but, if one will, are to be lived.”
Kierkegaard
“There is a God… and we have killed Him!”
Nietzsche
What is the refelctive apprehension of freedom itself?
ANGUISH
“Man is condemned to be free; because once he is thrown into the world, he is responsible for everything he does.”
Sartre
