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PHYSIOLOGY > Core Concepts > Flashcards

Core Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

My body has sensory receptors in the walls of blood vessels in my neck which respond to pressure in the vessels.
When I jump out of bed, the pressure in those vessels decrease below the normal level because my blood is not bumping with enough pressure, and tells my heart to beat faster.
1. What is the thing being measured?
a. blood pressure
b. heart rate
c. gravity

A

A. Blood pressure

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2
Q

My body has sensory receptors in the walls of blood vessels in my neck which respond to pressure in the vessels.
When I jump out of bed, the pressure in those vessels decrease below the normal level because my blood is not pumping with enough pressure, and tells my heart to beat faster.
What is the effector?
a. the sensors in the blood vessels.
b. the brainstem
c. The heart
d. None of these

A

c. The heart

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3
Q

My body has sensory receptors in the walls of blood vessels in my neck which respond to pressure in the vessels.
When I jump out of bed, the pressure in those vessels decrease below the normal level because my blood is not bumping with enough pressure, and tells my heart to beat faster.

Is this negative or positive feedback?
a. Negative feedback
b. Positive feedback
c. Neither

A

a. Negative feedback

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4
Q

Which portion of a water (H2O) molecule carries a slight positive charge?
a. Oxygen
b. Hydrogen

A

b. Hydrogen

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5
Q

A small molecule which has many polar portions would be
a. Lipophilic
b. Hydrophilic

A

B. Hydrophilic

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6
Q

Solute LEFT RIGHT
Sodium 75 mM 115mM
Potassium 130 mM 75 mM

  1. Which side has a higher osmolarity in the beginning?
    a. Left
    b. Right
    c. the two sides have the same osmolarity
A

a. Left

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7
Q

Solute LEFT RIGHT
Sodium 75 mM 115mM
Potassium 130 mM 75 mM

  1. Which way (overall) will sodium cross the membrane in the beginning?
    a. From left to right
    b. from right to left
    c. equally
A

B. from right to left

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8
Q

Solute LEFT RIGHT
Sodium 75 mM 115mM
Potassium 130 mM 75 mM

  1. Once the container reaches equilibrium, which way will sodium be crossing the membrane?
    a. From left to right
    b. From right to left
    c. Equally
A

c. Equally

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9
Q

Solute LEFT RIGHT
Sodium 75 mM 115mM
Potassium 130 mM 75 mM

  1. At equilibrium, which side will have a higher water level.?
    a. the left
    b. the right
    c. both
A

a. the left

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10
Q
  1. Triglycerides are:
    a. Lipophilic
    b Hydrophilic
A

A. Lipophilic

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11
Q
  1. Cell membranes are primarily composed of:
    a. Proteins
    b. DNA
    c. Ions
    d. Phospholipids
A

D. Phospholipids

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12
Q
  1. Fatty acids are composed mostly of:
    a. Sodium and chloride
    b. Oxygen and Hydrogen
    c. Carbon and Hydrogen
    d. Amino acids
A

C. Carbon and Hydrogen

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13
Q
  1. What is the monomer of nucleic acid?
    a. Amino acid
    b. Fatty acid
    c. Monosaccharide
    d. Nucleotide
    e. Nucleic acids are not polymers
A

D. Nucleotide

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14
Q
  1. What is the monomer of proteins?
    a. Amino acid
    b. Fatty acid
    c. Monosaccharide
    d. Nucleotide
    e. Nucleic acids are not polymers
A

a. Amino acids

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15
Q

What is the monomer of carbohydrates?
a. Amino acid
b. Fatty acid
c. Monosaccharide
d. Nucleotide
e. Nucleic acids are not polymers

A

c. Monosaccharide

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16
Q

Which of these could affect how effectively an enzyme catalyzes a particular chemical reaction?

a. Adding an allosteric inhibitor
b. Adding a reversible competitive inhibitor
c. Changing the order of amino acids in the enzyme
d. All of those can affect enzyme function

A

D. All of these can affect enzyme function

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17
Q

Which of these materials can pass easily through a phospholipid bilayer without the help of proteins?

a. Oxygen
b. Glucose
c. Sodium ions
d. A and B

A

Answer: A. Oxygen

B. Glusose- too big
C. Sodium ions- Ions do not pass
D. A and B— B is no

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18
Q

Which of these ions sodium Na+, Potassium K+, chloride C- is positively charged?

a. Sodium and chloride
b. Potassium and chloride
c. Sodium and potassium
d. none of them are positively charged

A

C. Sodium and potassium

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19
Q

Which of these is made by combining amino acids?

A. Protein
B. DNA
C. Steroids
D. Phospholipids

A

A. Protein

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20
Q
  1. Which of these is a difference between a phospholipid and a triglyceride?

A. Phospholipids do not contain glycerol
B. Phospholipids have two fatty acids, while triglycerides have three
C. Triglycerides are not used for energy storage, while phospholipids are
D. Triglycerides are hydrophilic, while phospholipids are hydrophobic

A

B. Phospholipids have two fatty acids, while triglycerides have three

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21
Q

Cells in a particular part of the kidney have a membrane protein which catalyzes the reaction of bicarbonate and hydrogen ions to form water and carbon dioxide. It does not cause anything in particular to happen in the cell, and does not bring anything into or out of the cell. What role or roles is this protein serving?

A. Membrane transporter
B. Membrane enzyme
C. Receptor
D. Structural protein
E. A and B

A

B. Membrane enzyme— possible answer

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22
Q

Two beakers filled with water, divided y membrane. One side has glucose transporters but unknown which one. Add glucose to the left side of both beakers, so that concentration on the left side is 10mM. Right has only water. After one hour. Glucose on both sides is 5mM and water levels is equal. On left glucose is 7mM. On the right is 0mM. Water is higher on the left.
20. Which membrane is permeable to glucose?

A. Beaker 1
B. Beaker 2
C. Both beaker 1 and beaker 2
D. Neither beaker 1 nor beaker 2

A

A

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23
Q

Two beakers filled with water, divided by a membrane. One side has glucose transporters but unknown which one. Add glucose to the left side of both beakers, so that concentration on the left side is 10mM. Right has only water. After one hour. Glucose on both sides is 5mM and water levels is equal. On left glucose is 7mM. On the right is 0mM. Water is higher on the left.
21. Is beaker 2’s membrane permeable to water?
A. Yes
B. No
C. I can’t tell for sure

A

A. Yes

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24
Q
  1. GABA-a is a chloride channel, found in some nerve cell membranes, which open when a particular messenger molecule (Gamma- aminobutyric acid, or GABA) binds to it. What role or roles is this protein serving?
    a. Membrane transporter
    b. Membrane enzyme
    c. Receptor
    d. Structural protein
    e. A and C
A
25
Q
  1. Which of these can ion channels NOT do?
    a. Move ions against their concentration gradients
    b. Only allow certain ions to pass
    C. Open or close based on electrical changes around the membrane
    D. Ion channels can do all of these things
A
26
Q
  1. Imagine you start with a set of cells where the fluid inside and outside the cells has the same osmolarity. You then add a solute outside the cell, which increases the osmolarity of the fluid out side the cells. What will happen to the cells?

A. They will swell up as water enters
B. They will shrivel as water leaves
C. They will not be affected

A

B. They will shrivel as water leaves

27
Q

Which of these cell-to-cell communication methods allow materials too pass directly to another?

A. Neurocrine
B. Paracrine
C. Endocrine
D. Gap Junction

A

D. Gap Junction

28
Q

A cell releases messenger molecules, intending them to diffuse through the extracellular fluid and ____ receptors on several nearby cells. This is an example of:

A. Autocrine signaling
Paracrine signaling
Neurocrine signaling
Endocrine signaling

A
29
Q

In the system you are studying, when cell A releases a messenger chemical, it causes an increase in the concentration of cGMP in cell B. Based on what we said in class, what kind of receptor does cell B probably have for this messenger chemical?

A. Receptor channel
B. Receptor enzyme
C. Integrin receptor
D. G-protein coupled receptor

A
30
Q

In the same situation, you find that cell A also responds to the presence of messenger chemical it releases. This is an example of:
A. Autocrine signaling
B. Paracrine signaling
C. Contact-dependent signaling
D. Endocrine signaling

A

A. Autorcine signaling

31
Q

Cell A experiences a change in ion flow as a result of responding to the message it releases. What kind of receptor does cell A probably have for the message it releases?

A. Receptor channel
B. Receptor enzyme
C. Integrin receptor
D. G-protein coupled receptor

A
32
Q

If a cell wanted to send a message to cells at a variety of places around the body, without knowing in advance which cells it would affect, and causes different effects in each, which of these would be the best signaling method to use?

A. Autocrine signaling
B. Paracrine signaling
C. Neurocrine signaling
D. Endocrine signaling

A

D. Endocrine signaling

33
Q

Which of these types of receptors does not use second messengers?

A. Receptor enzymes
B. Receptor channels
C. Enzyme-linked G. Proteins
D. All of these use second messengers

A

B. Receptor channels

34
Q

In which type of receptor is the receptor protein also an enzyme?

A. Receptor channel
B. Receptor enzyme
C. G-protein coupled receptor
D. All of these

A
35
Q

Chemically- gated ion channels are:

A. Receptor channels
B. Receptor enzymes
C. G-protein coupled receptors

A

A

36
Q

How many electrons can the second energy level of an atom hold?
A. Two
B. Four
C. Six
D. Eight
E. Sixteen

A

D. Eight

37
Q

If chloride diffuses into a cell how would that affect the overall charge inside the cell?

A. becomes more positive
B. It becomes more negative
C. It does not change

A

B. It becomes more negative

38
Q

Argon has 18 protons. How many covalent bonds is an atom of argon likely to form?

A. None
B. One
C. Two
D. Three
E. Four

A

A. None

39
Q

Which of these covalent bonds is most polar?

A. C-H
B. O-H
C. C-C
D. O-O

A

B. O-H

40
Q

Imagine a system for transporting glucose into a cell against its concentration gradient. This system uses a passive antiport which allows glucose to enter if adenosine leaves. We make sure there’s lots of adenosine in the cell by using active transport protien to bring it in. Having lots of adenosine in the cell makes sure it tends to leave, which brings the glucose in.
The movement of glucose is an example of:
A. Diffusion
B. Osmosis
C. Secondary active transport

A

C. Secondary active transport

41
Q

What is the second messenger produced by gyanylyl cyclase?

A

cGMP

42
Q

What are the second messengers produced by Adenyly cyclose (ATP)

A
  1. DAG
  2. IP3
43
Q

What are the two kinds of active transports?

A

Primary and Secondary Active Transport

44
Q

Define Primary Active Transport

A

Energy used at the site of transport. ATP is created with the 3rd phosphate breaks away. It goes from ATP –> ADP+Pi

45
Q

What is a common Primary Active Transport?

A

Sodium Potasium pump. The picture is a circle with NA leaving and K coming into the cell at the same time 3 Na leaves the cell and 1 K enters the cell simultaneously.

46
Q

What is a secondary active transport?

A

Cause active transport at a membrane without using energy at the active site.

The bottom end of the cell has a box with both Na (Sodium) and Glucose going into the cell.

On the top of the cell is the primary active transport system, with a circle allowing 3Na (sodium) out of the cell and 2 K (potassium) into the cell.

47
Q

What are the 4 kinds of short-range communication cells use?

A
  1. Gap junction
  2. Contact dependent
  3. Paracrine
  4. Autocrine
48
Q

Define Gap junction

A

Two cells touching together by a tunnel.

49
Q

Define contact-dependent

A

They are each other’s own ligane.
Looks like two arrow puzzle pieces.

50
Q

Define Paracrine

A

Cell A releases “blue dot cells” and Cell B responds to the blue dot cells.

51
Q

Define Autocrine

A

Cell identifying Cell A on its own has resisters to identify blue dotes released

52
Q

Name 2 long-range communication in cell

A
  1. Endocrine signal
  2. Neurocrine
53
Q

Define endocrine signal

A

Cell releases messenger molecules and releases them into the bloodstream. Elsewhere in the body cells have receptors to respond to that molecules. Broadcast/slow

54
Q

Define neurocrine

A

Sends specific electrical signals to other cells.

Cell A sends direct electrical chemical signals to specific cells far away.

Targeted/fast

55
Q

Which of these is not a glucose polymer?
Correct Answer
Sucrose
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose

A

Sucrose

56
Q

What is the difference between a saturated fatty acid and an unsaturated fatty acid?

A

Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between carbon atoms

57
Q

Which of these statements is true of enzymes?

A. They provide energy to power chemical reactions
B. They are almost always made of protein
C. They are used up when catalyzing reaction
D. They are only found in the nucleus of cells

A

They are almost always made of protein

58
Q

In a transmembrane protein, the amino acids in the part of the protein that sits in the middle of the membrane will probably have hydrophobic side groups.

A

True

PHYSIOLOGY (1 decks)

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