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Intro to pharmacology > Core concepts > Flashcards

Core concepts Flashcards

1
Q

What is pharmacology? (1)

A

The science of drug action

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2
Q

What is a drug in pharmacology? (2)

A

A single chemical entity of known structure, other than a nutrient or supplement, which causes a biological effect in a living system

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3
Q

What are the 4 types of drugs (4)

A

Small molecules
Peptides (<40 residue)
Oligonucleotides
Proteins

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4
Q

How are drugs classified? (3)

A

Molecular structure
Mode of action
Therapeutic use

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5
Q

How are drugs named? (2)

A

Chemical name
Generic name
Proprietary name (trade name)

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6
Q

In the journey of a drug, what is the first stage called? (1)

A

Absorption

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7
Q

What is absorption in the journey of a drug? (1)

A

This is when the drug is administered and must get into the body’s systemic circulation

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8
Q

In the journey of a drug, what is the second and third stage called? (2)

A

Drug Metabolised
Drug Excretion

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9
Q

What is metabolised and excretion is the journey of a drug? (1)

A

As you put a foreign agent into the body, the body tries to remove it through metabolism and excretion

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10
Q

In the journey of a drug, what is the fourth stage called? (2)

A

Distribution

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11
Q

What is distribution is the journey of a drug? (2)

A

When the drug is distributed in tissues and at the site of action

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12
Q

What is pharmacodynamics? (1)

A

What a drug does to the body

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13
Q

What is pharmacokinetics? (1)

A

How the body deals with a drug

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14
Q

How do most drugs cause/block a biological response? (1)

A

By specifically binding to and interacting with a particular molecular drug target

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15
Q

What can drug targets be classified as? (6)

A

Enzymes
Plasma membranes Receptors
Transporters
Ion channels
Nucleic Acids
Nuclear receptors

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16
Q

How do we know what drug targets look like? (3)

A

NMR
Cryo-electron microscopy
X-ray crystallography

17
Q

How are drugs found? (2)

A

Rational drug design by the pharmaceutical industry using a process termed drug discovery and development

18
Q

What is discovery in the process of finding a drug? (2)

A

A candidate compound is discovered through in vitro screening of many compounds at a defined molecular drug target

19
Q

How is a compound selected in discovery? (5)

A

Through in vitro screening of many
compounds at a defined molecular drug target, selecting a compound with:
Good pharmacodynamic potency
Optimal pharmacokinetic properties
Low predicted toxicity

20
Q

What is development in the process of finding a drug? (2)

A

The optimal candidate is developed into a safe and clinically efficacious therapeutic drug through in vivo trials, including preclinical animal trials and human clinical trials.

21
Q

What is phase 1 of clinical trials? (3)

A

Clinical safety study in healthy human subjects.
Dose-limiting toxicity – start very low and increase gradually
Assessment of pharmacokinetics

22
Q

What is phase 2 and 3 of clinical trials? (4)

A

Testing clinical efficacy in patients with disease/disorder
Double-bind placebo controlled trials
Phase II – smaller cohort, effective dose finding, short-term safety
Phase III – larger / more diverse cohorts (multi-centre)

23
Q

What is drug action determined by? (2)

A

Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacokinetics

24
Q

Give an example of a drug which targets enzymes and give the name of the specific target enzyme (2)

A

Saquinavir
HIV protease

25
Q

Give an example of a drug which targets transporters and give the name of the specific target transporter (2)

A

Sertraline and fluoxetine
Serotonin Transporter (SERT)

26
Q

Give an example of a drug which targets ion channels and give the name of the specific target channel (2)

A

Glipizide (sulphonylureas)
ATP-sensitive K+ Channe

27
Q

Give an example of a drug which targets nucleic acids and give the name of the specific nucleic acid (2)

A

Actinomycin D
DNA

28
Q

Give an example of a drug which targets nucleic receptor and give the name of the specific nucleic receptor (2)

A

Tamoxifen
Oestrogen Receptor

29
Q
A

Intro to pharmacology (5 decks)

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