Core (Biological, Cognitive, Sociocultural)

Question 1

Explain how principles that define the BLoA may be demonstrated in research

Answer 1

Bouchard et al (Human behaviour is, to some extent, genetically based)
Martinez and Kesner (Animal research)
Petrovic (Biological correlates)

Question 2

Discuss how and why particular research methods are used at the BLoA

Answer 2

Rosenzwieg, Bennet and Diamond (Experiments)
Maguire et al (Correlational research)
Squire (Case studies)

Question 3

Discuss ethical considerations related to research studies at the BLoA

Answer 3

Bouchard et al and/or Scarr and Weinberg (Confidentiality and anonymity)
Curtis et al and/or Newcomer et al (Psychological harm)
Rosenzwieg, Bennet and Diamond (Animal research)

Question 4

Explain one study related to localisation of function in the brain

Answer 4

Squire

Question 5

Using one or more examples, explain effects of neurotransmission on human behaviour

Answer 5

Kasamatsu and Hirai (Serotonin)

Martinez and Kesner (Acetylcholine)

Question 6

Using one or more examples, explain functions of two hormones in human behaviour

Answer 6

Petrovic (Oxytocin)

Newcomer et al (Cortisol)

Question 7

Discuss two effects of the environment on physiological processes

Answer 7

Maguire et al (Neuroplasticity)

Gallese and Iacoboni (Mirror neurons)

Question 8

Examine one interaction between cognition and physiology in terms of behaviour

Answer 8

Davidson
Luders
Grant et al

Question 9

Discuss the use of brain imaging technologies in investigating the relationship between biological factors and behaviour

Answer 9

Grant et al (MRI)
Harris and Fiske (fMRI)
Mosconi et al (PET)

Question 10

With reference to relevant research studies, to what extent does genetic inheritance influence behaviour?

Answer 10

Bouchard and McGue
Bouchard et al
Scarr and Weinberg

Question 11

Examine one evolutionary explanation of behaviour

Answer 11

Curtis et al

Fessler

Question 12

Discuss ethical considerations in research into genetic influences on behaviour

Answer 12

Bouchard et al and Scarr and Weinberg (Confidentiality and anonymity)
Curtis et al (Psychological harm)
Bouchard and McGue etc. (Usage of data)

Question 13

Explain how principles that define the CLoA may be demonstrated in research

Answer 13

Bartlett (Mental processes guide behaviour)
Cole and Scribner (Social and cultural influences)
Loftus and Palmer (The mind can - and should - be studied scientifically)

Question 14

Discuss how and why particular research methods are used at the CLoA

Answer 14

Loftus and Palmer (Laboratory experiments)
Dutton and Aron (Field experiments)
Maguire (Quasi experiments)
Squire (Case studies)

Question 15

Discuss ethical considerations related to research studies at the CLoA

Answer 15

Schacter and Singer (Deception)
Yuille and Cutshall (Deception and Informed Consent)
Squire (Informed Consent)
Speisman et al (Psychological harm)

Question 16

Evaluate schema theory with reference to research studies

Answer 16

Bartlett
Loftus and Palmer
Yuille and Cutshall

Question 17

Evaluate two models or theories of one cognitive process with reference to research studies

Answer 17

Bartlett (Schema theory)
Loftus and Palmer (Schema theory)
Yuille and Cutshall (Schema theory and Flashbulb memory)
Neisser and Harsch (Flashbulb memory)

Question 18

Explain how biological factors may affect one cognitive process

Answer 18

Martinez and Kesner (Neurotransmission)

Newcomer et al (Stress)

Question 19

Discuss how social or cultural factors may affect one cognitive process

Answer 19

Piaget (Etic theory)
Cole and Scribner
Rogoff and Waddel

Question 20

With reference to relevant research studies, to what extent is one cognitive process reliable?

Answer 20

Bartlett or Loftus and Palmer (Schema theory)
Yuille and Cutshall (Schema theory and Flashbulb memory)
Neisser and Harsch (Flashbulb memory)

Question 21

Discuss the use of technology in investigating cognitive processes

Answer 21

Squire (MRI)
Maguire (MRI and PET)
Mosconi (PET) or Luders (MRI) if more than one cognitive process is needed
Davidson (EEG) if more than one cognitive process is needed

Question 22

To what extent do cognitive and biological factors interact in emotion?

Answer 22

Schachter and Singer and/or Dutton and Aron (Two-factor theory)
Speisman et al (Lazarus’ theory of appraisal)

Question 23

Evaluate one theory of how emotion may affect one cognitive process

Answer 23

Yuille and Cutshall

Neisser and Harsch

Question 24

Explain how principles that define the SCLoA may be demonstrated in research

Answer 24

Asch (Humans are social creatures)
Cole and Scribner (Culture influences behaviour)
Lewis (Views are resistant to change)

Question 25

Discuss how and why particular research methods are used at the SCLoA

Answer 25

Ross et al and Asch (Experiments) | Levine and Norenzayan (Observations)

Question 26

Discuss ethical considerations related to research studies at the SCLoA

Answer 26

Ross et al and Sherif et al (Informed consent) | Sherif et al and Zimbardo (Psychological and physical harm)

Question 27

Discuss two errors in attribution

Answer 27

Ross et al (Fundamental attribution error) | Kashima and Triandis (Self-serving bias)

Question 28

Evaluate social identity theory, making reference to relevant studies

Answer 28

Sherif et al | Yuki et al

Question 29

Explain the formation of stereotypes and their effect on behaviour

Answer 29

Hamilton and Gifford (Formation: illusory correlation) | Lewis (Effect: diagnosis)

Question 30

Explain social learning theory, making reference to two relevant studies

Answer 30

Bandura et al | Boyatzis and Matillo

Question 31

Discuss the use of compliance techniques

Answer 31

Cialdini et el (Door in the face) Regan and Ting-Toomey (Reciprocity) Aronson and Mills (Hazing)

Question 32

Evaluate research on conformity to group norms

Answer 32

``` Jenness Sherif Asch Perrin and Spencer Mori and Arai ```

Question 33

Discuss factors influencing conformity

Answer 33

Asch and variations (Situational factors) | Bond and Smith and Berry (Culture)

Question 34

Examine the role of two cultural dimensions on behaviour

Answer 34

Bond and Smith and Berry (Individualism vs collectivism) | Chen et al and Levine and Norenzayan (Confucian work dynamism)

Question 35

Using one or more examples, explain 'emic' and 'etic' concepts

Answer 35

Ainsworth's strange situation and Vangzendorn and Kroonberg (Etic) Cole and Scribner and Rothbaum et al (Emic)