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Health Core NCFE~ Adult Nursing T-level > CORE B > Flashcards

CORE B Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the basic units of proteins?

A

Amino acids

Amino acids are the fundamental building blocks of proteins.

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2
Q

What are the two functional groups present in all amino acids?

A

Amino group and carboxyl group

These groups are essential for the structure and function of amino acids.

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3
Q

What is the reaction called when amino acids are joined together?

A

Condensation reaction

This reaction forms a peptide bond and releases water.

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4
Q

What is the reverse reaction of a condensation reaction?

A

Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis involves the use of water to split peptide bonds.

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5
Q

What is formed when many amino acids are joined by peptide bonds?

A

Polypeptide

A polypeptide is a chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

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6
Q

What are the four levels of protein structure?

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

Each level describes a different aspect of protein organization.

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7
Q

What does the primary structure of a protein refer to?

A

The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

The primary structure determines the protein’s unique characteristics.

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8
Q

What is the secondary structure of a protein?

A

The way a polypeptide chain is folded

This includes structures like alpha-helices and beta-sheets.

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9
Q

What describes the tertiary structure of a protein?

A

The three-dimensional shape of a protein

This shape is formed by the folding of the polypeptide chain and interactions between its segments.

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10
Q

What is the quaternary structure of a protein?

A

The formation of a functional protein from two or more polypeptide chains

An example is hemoglobin, which consists of four polypeptide chains.

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11
Q

Fill in the blank: The parts of amino acids that are different in each type of amino acid are called _______.

A

R groups

R groups determine the unique properties of each amino acid.

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12
Q

True or False: Not all proteins have a quaternary structure.

A

True

Some proteins consist of a single polypeptide chain and do not form quaternary structures.

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13
Q

What are the basic units of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides

Monosaccharides are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

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14
Q

What is formed when two monosaccharides combine?

A

Disaccharides

Disaccharides are formed by a condensation reaction between two monosaccharides.

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15
Q

What type of bond is formed between monosaccharides in disaccharides?

A

Glycosidic bond

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16
Q

What is the process called when monosaccharides combine to form disaccharides?

A

Condensation reaction

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17
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

A polymer of many monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic bonds.

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18
Q

What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the body?

A

Source of energy

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19
Q

How is glucose stored in the body?

A

In the form of glycogen

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20
Q

What are the three types of carbohydrates?

A
  • Monosaccharides
  • Disaccharides
  • Polysaccharides
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21
Q

What are triglycerides formed from?

A

One molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acids.

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22
Q

What distinguishes a phospholipid from a triglyceride?

A

One fatty acid is substituted by a phosphate-containing group.

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23
Q

Fill in the blank: Lipids are not _______ even though they are formed in condensation reactions.

A

polymers

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24
Q

What are the two main components of a triglyceride?

A
  • Glycerol
  • Fatty acids
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25
Q

What role do lipids play in the body?

A
  • Energy source
  • Thermal insulation
  • Physical protection
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26
Q

What structure determines the function of enzymes?

A

Tertiary structure

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27
Q

What is the active site of an enzyme?

A

The part of the enzyme where substrates bind.

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28
Q

What is the relationship between the shape of the active site and the substrate?

A

The shape of the active site is complementary to the shape of the substrate.

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29
Q

True or False: Enzymes can act on multiple substrates regardless of their shape.

A

False

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30
Q

What are substrates in the context of enzymes?

A

Substances on which an enzyme acts to form the products.

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31
Q

What happens if there is a change in the shape of the enzyme’s active site?

A

Substrates will no longer bind effectively.

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32
Q

What is the effect of increasing temperature on enzyme activity?

A

Enzyme activity increases up to about 40°C, after which it rapidly decreases due to denaturation.

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33
Q

What happens to the enzyme’s active site when the temperature is too high?

A

The shape of the active site changes, preventing substrates from fitting correctly.

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34
Q

What is denaturation in the context of enzymes?

A

Denaturation is the process where the enzyme loses its structure and functionality due to high temperature or other factors.

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35
Q

Define diffusion.

A

Diffusion is the movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

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36
Q

How are gills and lungs adapted for diffusion?

A

They have thin walls to minimize the distance for diffusion, maximizing the rate of gas exchange.

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37
Q

What are the roles of carbohydrases in digestion?

A

Carbohydrases convert disaccharides into monosaccharides, such as starch into maltose.

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38
Q

What do proteases do?

A

Proteases convert proteins into smaller polypeptides or amino acids.

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39
Q

What is the relationship between surface area and volume in multicellular organisms?

A

Multicellular organisms have a lower surface area to volume ratio, necessitating specialized exchange mechanisms.

40
Q

What is the significance of the surface area to volume ratio?

A

A larger surface area relative to volume facilitates efficient exchange of substances.

41
Q

True or False: Enzymes are only involved in metabolic reactions.

A

False. Enzymes are involved in both metabolic reactions and the digestion of foods.

42
Q

Fill in the blank: The maximum distance for diffusion is ______.

A

15 cm

43
Q

What is a key characteristic of the active site of an enzyme?

A

The active site has a complementary shape to the substrate.

44
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions?

A

The rate of reaction increases with temperature until the optimum temperature, after which it decreases.

45
Q

What are lipases responsible for in digestion?

A

Lipases convert triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids.

46
Q

Why can’t large multicellular organisms rely solely on simple diffusion?

A

They have a low surface area to volume ratio, which limits the efficiency of diffusion.

47
Q

What process occurs when soluble proteins in a raw egg are cooked?

A

They are denatured into insoluble proteins.

48
Q

What is the effect of increasing temperature on enzyme activity?

A

Enzyme activity increases up to about 40°C, after which it rapidly decreases due to denaturation.

49
Q

What happens to the enzyme’s active site when the temperature is too high?

A

The shape of the active site changes, preventing substrates from fitting correctly.

50
Q

What is denaturation in the context of enzymes?

A

Denaturation is the process where the enzyme loses its structure and functionality due to high temperature or other factors.

51
Q

Define diffusion.

A

Diffusion is the movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

52
Q

How are gills and lungs adapted for diffusion?

A

They have thin walls to minimize the distance for diffusion, maximizing the rate of gas exchange.

53
Q

What are the roles of carbohydrases in digestion?

A

Carbohydrases convert disaccharides into monosaccharides, such as starch into maltose.

54
Q

What do proteases do?

A

Proteases convert proteins into smaller polypeptides or amino acids.

55
Q

What is the relationship between surface area and volume in multicellular organisms?

A

Multicellular organisms have a lower surface area to volume ratio, necessitating specialized exchange mechanisms.

56
Q

What is the significance of the surface area to volume ratio?

A

A larger surface area relative to volume facilitates efficient exchange of substances.

57
Q

True or False: Enzymes are only involved in metabolic reactions.

A

False. Enzymes are involved in both metabolic reactions and the digestion of foods.

58
Q

Fill in the blank: The maximum distance for diffusion is ______.

A

15 cm

59
Q

What is a key characteristic of the active site of an enzyme?

A

The active site has a complementary shape to the substrate.

60
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions?

A

The rate of reaction increases with temperature until the optimum temperature, after which it decreases.

61
Q

What are lipases responsible for in digestion?

A

Lipases convert triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids.

62
Q

Why can’t large multicellular organisms rely solely on simple diffusion?

A

They have a low surface area to volume ratio, which limits the efficiency of diffusion.

63
Q

What process occurs when soluble proteins in a raw egg are cooked?

A

They are denatured into insoluble proteins.

64
Q

What is the structure that acts as a barrier to diffusion in cell membranes?

A

Phospholipid bilayer

The phospholipid bilayer is crucial for maintaining the integrity of the cell by controlling the movement of substances in and out.

65
Q

What model describes the structure of the plasma membrane?

A

Fluid mosaic model

This model illustrates the dynamic nature of the membrane, where components can move laterally within the layer.

66
Q

What type of molecules can pass through the phospholipid bilayer easily?

A

Non-polar molecules

Non-polar molecules such as oxygen and carbon dioxide can diffuse through the membrane because they are hydrophobic.

67
Q

What is the term for substances that repel water?

A

Hydrophobic

Hydrophobic substances do not mix with water and are typically non-polar.

68
Q

What does it mean for a membrane to be partially permeable?

A

Allows certain substances to pass while blocking others

This property is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis.

69
Q

What is the term for substances that attract water?

A

Hydrophilic

Hydrophilic substances can interact with water and are typically polar.

70
Q

Fill in the blank: The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration is known as _______.

A

Diffusion

Diffusion is a passive transport mechanism that does not require energy.

71
Q

What are the three main processes of passive transport?

A
  • Simple diffusion
  • Facilitated diffusion
  • Osmosis

These processes allow substances to move across the membrane without the expenditure of energy.

72
Q

True or False: Water is a polar molecule.

A

True

Water’s polarity allows it to dissolve many substances, making it an essential solvent in biological systems.

73
Q

What type of proteins span the membrane and are exposed on both sides?

A

Transmembrane proteins

These proteins play critical roles in transport and signaling across the cell membrane.

74
Q

What is the role of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?

A

Stabilizes the membrane fluidity

Cholesterol helps maintain the integrity and flexibility of the membrane.

75
Q

Fill in the blank: The epithelial cells that line the small intestine have projections called _______ to increase surface area.

A

Microvilli

Microvilli enhance absorption efficiency in the intestine.

76
Q

What is the effect of a larger surface area to volume ratio on metabolic rate?

A

Increases the metabolic rate

Animals with a larger surface area to volume ratio, like mice, tend to have higher metabolic demands.

77
Q

What are specialized transport mechanisms needed for?

A

Transport of polar substances

Polar substances, such as glucose and amino acids, require specific transport proteins to cross the membrane.

78
Q

What is the main solvent in biological systems?

A

Water

Water’s properties make it essential for biochemical reactions and processes.

79
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Passive transport of substances through a membrane via specific proteins

This process assists polar and charged molecules in crossing the membrane without energy expenditure.

80
Q

What is the structure that acts as a barrier to diffusion in cell membranes?

A

Phospholipid bilayer

The phospholipid bilayer is crucial for maintaining the integrity of the cell by controlling the movement of substances in and out.

81
Q

What model describes the structure of the plasma membrane?

A

Fluid mosaic model

This model illustrates the dynamic nature of the membrane, where components can move laterally within the layer.

82
Q

What type of molecules can pass through the phospholipid bilayer easily?

A

Non-polar molecules

Non-polar molecules such as oxygen and carbon dioxide can diffuse through the membrane because they are hydrophobic.

83
Q

What is the term for substances that repel water?

A

Hydrophobic

Hydrophobic substances do not mix with water and are typically non-polar.

84
Q

What does it mean for a membrane to be partially permeable?

A

Allows certain substances to pass while blocking others

This property is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis.

85
Q

What is the term for substances that attract water?

A

Hydrophilic

Hydrophilic substances can interact with water and are typically polar.

86
Q

Fill in the blank: The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration is known as _______.

A

Diffusion

Diffusion is a passive transport mechanism that does not require energy.

87
Q

What are the three main processes of passive transport?

A
  • Simple diffusion
  • Facilitated diffusion
  • Osmosis

These processes allow substances to move across the membrane without the expenditure of energy.

88
Q

True or False: Water is a polar molecule.

A

True

Water’s polarity allows it to dissolve many substances, making it an essential solvent in biological systems.

89
Q

What type of proteins span the membrane and are exposed on both sides?

A

Transmembrane proteins

These proteins play critical roles in transport and signaling across the cell membrane.

90
Q

What is the role of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?

A

Stabilizes the membrane fluidity

Cholesterol helps maintain the integrity and flexibility of the membrane.

91
Q

Fill in the blank: The epithelial cells that line the small intestine have projections called _______ to increase surface area.

A

Microvilli

Microvilli enhance absorption efficiency in the intestine.

92
Q

What is the effect of a larger surface area to volume ratio on metabolic rate?

A

Increases the metabolic rate

Animals with a larger surface area to volume ratio, like mice, tend to have higher metabolic demands.

93
Q

What are specialized transport mechanisms needed for?

A

Transport of polar substances

Polar substances, such as glucose and amino acids, require specific transport proteins to cross the membrane.

94
Q

What is the main solvent in biological systems?

A

Water

Water’s properties make it essential for biochemical reactions and processes.

95
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Passive transport of substances through a membrane via specific proteins

This process assists polar and charged molecules in crossing the membrane without energy expenditure.

Health Core NCFE~ Adult Nursing T-level (1 decks)

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